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    "document_text": "Email marketing - Wikipedia <H1> Email marketing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Search engine optimization </Li> <Li> Local search engine optimisation </Li> <Li> Social media marketing </Li> <Li> Email marketing </Li> <Li> Referral marketing </Li> <Li> Content marketing </Li> <Li> Native advertising </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Search engine marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pay - per - click </Li> <Li> Cost per impression </Li> <Li> Search analytics </Li> <Li> Web analytics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Display advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ad blocking </Li> <Li> Contextual advertising </Li> <Li> Behavioral targeting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliate marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cost per action </Li> <Li> Revenue sharing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mobile advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message , typically to a group of people , using email . In its broadest sense , every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing . It usually involves using email to send advertisements , request business , or solicit sales or donations , and is meant to build loyalty , trust , or brand awareness . Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database . The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant 's relationship with current or previous customers , encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business , acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately , and sharing third - party ads . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Transactional emails </Li> <Li> 2.2 Direct emails <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Comparison to traditional mail <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Advantages </Li> <Li> 3.2 Disadvantages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Opt - in email advertising </Li> <Li> 5 Legal requirements <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 5.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.3 European Union </Li> <Li> 5.4 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century . Prior to this growth , when emails were novelties to the majority of customers , email marketing was not as effective . In 1978 , Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) . This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products , and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails . However , as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication , users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs . In order to effectively communicate a message through email , marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user , without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software . This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails , which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns . </P> <P> Historically , it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined . Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency . Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time , and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration , revealing a communication channel 's scope . At the same time , however , it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods , such as television advertisements , can not be captured . </P> <H2> Types </H2> <P> Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails : </P> <H3> Transactional emails </H3> <P> Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer 's action with a company . To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages , these communications ' primary purpose must be `` to facilitate , complete , or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender '' along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging . Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages , password reset emails , purchase or order confirmation emails , order status emails , reorder emails , and email receipts . </P> <P> The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it . But , due to their high open rates ( 51.3 % compared to 36.6 % for email newsletters ) , transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up - sell products or services . </P> <P> Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support , which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails . There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services , which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns ( such as customer referral programs ) . </P> <H3> Direct emails </H3> <P> Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message ( for example , a special offer or a product catalog ) . Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to , or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies . Safe mail marketing is also used . </P> Mobile email marketing <P> Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets . Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer . However , the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering - out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes . Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers , it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient 's behavior . Because of this , modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy . </P> <H2> Comparison to traditional mail </H2> <P> There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail . </P> <H3> Advantages </H3> <P> Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons : </P> <Ul> <Li> An exact return on investment can be tracked ( `` track to basket '' ) and has proven to be high when done properly . Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic . </Li> <Li> Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail , mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork , printing , addressing , and mailing . </Li> <Li> Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP ( email service provider ) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients . The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior . </Li> <Li> Email provides a cost - effective method to test different marketing content , including visual , creative , marketing copy , and multimedia assets . The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns , both print and digital . </Li> <Li> Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in ( i.e. , consented ) to receive the email . </Li> <Li> Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day , with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates . </Li> <Li> Email is popular with digital marketers , rising an estimated 15 % in 2009 to \u00a3 292 million in the UK . </Li> <Li> If compared to standard email , direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disadvantages </H3> <P> As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers . According to the report , legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 % in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam , and 22 % were missing . This lags behind other countries : Australia delivers at 90 % , Canada at 89 % , Britain at 88 % , France at 84 % , Germany at 80 % and Brazil at 79 % . </P> <P> Additionally , consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day . </P> <P> Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States ' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ( CAN - SPAM ) , the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 , or their Internet service provider 's acceptable use policy . </P> <H2> Opt - in email advertising </H2> <P> Opt - in email advertising , or permission marketing , is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it . This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing . </P> <P> Opt - in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver . This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers . If opt - in email advertising is used , the material that is emailed to consumers will be `` anticipated '' . It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it , which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer . Ideally , opt - in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements . </P> <P> A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter . </P> <P> With a foundation of opted - in contact information stored in their database , marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing . They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments . </P> <H2> Legal requirements </H2> <H3> Australia </H3> <P> The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority , widely known as `` ACMA '' . The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages , states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages , and gives other key information . Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines ( 2011 ) , Tiger Airways Holdings Limited ( 2012 ) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited ( 2013 ) . </P> <H3> Canada </H3> <P> The `` Canada Anti-Spam Law '' ( CASL ) went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt - in from users , and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses . </P> <H3> European Union </H3> <P> In 2002 the European Union ( EU ) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications . Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes . The Directive establishes the opt - in regime , where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses . </P> <P> The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states . In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication . </P> <H3> United states </H3> <P> The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails . Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally , that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them , and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them . The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient . However , it does not ban spam emailing outright , but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are `` materially false or misleading '' . In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format , their content and labeling . As a result , many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act . A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act . To comply with the act 's regulation of commercial email , services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address , provide a one - click unsubscribe feature , and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission . </P> <P> In addition to satisfying legal requirements , email service providers ( ESPs ) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns . The service providers supply email templates and general best practices , as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically . Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers . They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened , and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages . </P> <P> The CAN - SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no - fee provision for opting out , further definition of `` sender '' , post office or private mail boxes count as a `` valid physical postal address '' and definition of `` person '' . These new provisions went into effect on July 7 , 2008 . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email </Li> <Li> Customer engagement </Li> <Li> Suppression list </Li> <Li> Email spam - Unsolicited email marketing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` spam unsolicited e-mail '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC . 16 , 2003 117 STAT. 2699 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government GPO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN , T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS . ISBN 8120348966 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MECLABS , content : MarketingSherpa , design : Scott McDaniel , code : Steve Beger , ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey Data : Email 's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009 '' . MarketingSherpa.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project , `` Tracking surveys '' , March 2000 -- March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates . Mailermailer.com ( July 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine , `` Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , September 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15 % . MediaWeek.co.uk ( 13 October 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Email Marketing is King '' . Harvard Business Review ( 21 August 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , A. `` Email deliverability is on the decline : report '' , ClickZ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2014 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . The Radicati Group , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . Consumer Information . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fairhead , N. ( 2003 ) `` All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email '' ( Media 16 , August 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dilworth , Dianna ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions '' . DMNews . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia , A. ( 2004 ) Management Information Systems ( Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Ltd . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spam : enforcement actions '' . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moorcraft , Bethan . `` Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages '' . Insurance Business . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada 's law on spam '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CAN - SPAM Act : A Compliance Guide for Business '' . FTC.gov . BCP Business Center . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN - SPAM Act '' . FTC.gov . June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . FTC.gov . May 21 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Advertising by medium </Li> <Li> Email </Li> <Li> Digital marketing </Li> <Li> Market research </Li> <Li> Marketing techniques </Li> <Li> Online advertising </Li> <Li> Spamming </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be </Li> <Li> \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 </Li> <Li> Catal\u00e0 </Li> <Li> \u010ce\u0161tina </Li> <Li> Espa\u00f1ol </Li> <Li> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc </Li> <Li> Fran\u00e7ais </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> \u0c95\u0ca8\u0ccd\u0ca8\u0ca1 </Li> <Li> \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 </Li> <Li> \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> \u65e5\u672c \u8a9e </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> <Li> \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 </Li> <Li> \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd </Li> <Li> \u0c24\u0c46\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41 </Li> <Li> \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 </Li> <Li> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e </Li> <Li> \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 </Li> <Li> Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t </Li> <Li> \u4e2d\u6587 </Li> 18 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia <H1> The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Tracy McConnell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> How I Met Your Mother character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` Last Forever '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Carter Bays Craig Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Cristin Milioti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> The Mother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ted Mosby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . </P> <P> The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . </P> <P> An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Casting </Li> <Li> 2 Character history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Name </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Death </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Casting ( edit ) </H2> <P> During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . </P> <P> They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . </P> <H2> Character history ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . </P> <P> The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . </P> <P> In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . </P> <P> On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . </P> <P> Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . </P> <P> Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . </P> <P> In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . </P> <P> In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . </P> <P> The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . </P> <P> The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . </P> <P> In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . </P> <P> In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . </P> <P> In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . </P> <P> In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . </P> <H3> Name ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> See also : Last Forever <P> In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . </P> <P> A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> How I Met Your Mother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> <Li> Season 3 </Li> <Li> Season 4 </Li> <Li> Season 5 </Li> <Li> Season 6 </Li> <Li> Season 7 </Li> <Li> Season 8 </Li> <Li> Season 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ted Mosby </Li> <Li> Marshall Eriksen </Li> <Li> Lily Aldrin </Li> <Li> Barney Stinson </Li> <Li> Robin Scherbatsky </Li> <Li> The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> The Bro Code </Li> <Li> Cheerleader effect </Li> <Li> `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Mother characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2013 </Li> <Li> Fictional female musicians </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Espa\u00f1ol </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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    "document_text": "Human fertilization - wikipedia <H1> Human fertilization </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human growth and development </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human embryogenesis </Li> <Li> Fetus </Li> <Li> Infant </Li> <Li> Toddler </Li> <Li> Early childhood </Li> <Li> Child </Li> <Li> Preadolescence </Li> <Li> Adolescence </Li> <Li> Adult </Li> <Li> Middle age </Li> <Li> Old age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological milestones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fertilization </Li> <Li> Childbirth </Li> <Li> Walking </Li> <Li> Language acquisition </Li> <Li> Puberty </Li> <Li> Menopause </Li> <Li> Ageing </Li> <Li> Death </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Development and psychology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre - and perinatal </Li> <Li> Infant and child </Li> <Li> Adolescent </Li> <Li> Youth </Li> <Li> Young adult </Li> <Li> Adult </Li> <Li> Maturity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developmental stage theories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attachment </Li> <Li> Ecological </Li> <Li> Psychosocial </Li> <Li> Psychosexual development </Li> <Li> Moral </Li> <Li> Cognitive </Li> <Li> Cultural - historical </Li> <Li> Evolutionary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human body portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin , a similar process . Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization . <P> Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube . The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell , or fertilized egg , initiating prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century . </P> <P> The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus . </P> <P> In vitro fertilization ( IVF ) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb , in vitro . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Anatomy <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Corona radiata </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane </Li> <Li> 1.3 Sperm preparation </Li> <Li> 1.4 Zona pellucida <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Cortical reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Fusion <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cell membranes </Li> <Li> 2.2 Transformations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Replication </Li> <Li> 2.4 Mitosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Fertilization age </Li> <Li> 4 Diseases </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Anatomy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Corona radiata ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sperm binds through the corona radiata , a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte . Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell , known as zygote . The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism . </P> <H3> Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane ( edit ) </H3> <P> Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce , the yolk ( ooplasm ) is drawn out into a conical elevation , termed the cone of attraction or reception cone . Once the spermatozoon has entered , the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane , the perivitelline membrane , which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa . </P> <H3> Sperm preparation ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Acrosome reaction <P> At the beginning of the process , the sperm undergoes a series of changes , as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize . The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female 's reproductive tract over several hours , which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane , preparing it for the acrosome reaction , the enzymatic penetration of the egg 's tough membrane , the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte . </P> <H3> Zona pellucida ( edit ) </H3> <P> After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida , which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins . A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida . This binding triggers the acrosome to burst , releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida . </P> <P> Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell , facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells . As a population , sperm cells have on average 50 % genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort . It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection . </P> <P> Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process . </P> Cortical reaction ( edit ) <P> Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida , the cortical reaction occurs . Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell , causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida . This in turn causes the glyco - proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other -- i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f -- making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm . This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm . The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg . </P> <H2> Fusion ( edit ) </H2> Fertilization and implantation in humans . <P> After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte ( also called ovocyte ) , the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place , preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg . The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body . The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum , enabling fusion of their genetic material . </P> <H3> Cell membranes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place . </P> <H3> Transformations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes . </P> <P> The oocyte completes its second meiotic division . This results in a mature ovum . The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process , to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization . </P> <P> The sperm 's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus . This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin . Still , a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring . </P> <H3> Replication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte , rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division . </P> <H3> Mitosis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse ( half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome ) . Their membranes dissolve , leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes . During this dissolution , a mitotic spindle forms between them . The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm . Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis ( which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase ) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together . Thus , the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes . </P> <P> Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage . Thus , they are genetically identical . </P> <H2> Fertilization age ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus . The resultant age is known as fertilization age , fertilizational age , embryonic age , fetal age or ( intrauterine ) developmental ( IUD ) age . </P> <P> Gestational age , in contrast , takes the beginning of the last menstrual period ( LMP ) as the zero point . By convention , gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa . In fact , however , fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation , which , in turn , occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation ( LMP ) . There is also considerable variability in this interval , with a 95 % prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP - to - ovulation time of 14.6 . In a reference group representing all women , the 95 % prediction interval of the LMP - to - ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days . </P> <P> The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days ( 38 weeks and two days ) from ovulation , with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7 % . </P> <P> Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally ( after birth ) as well to estimate various risk factors . For example , it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . </P> <H2> Diseases ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process . </P> <Ul> <Li> Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg . </Li> </Ul> <P> However , some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins , their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father . This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Spontaneous conception , the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding . An Introduction to the History of Medicine , pages 566 - 567 ( Saunders 1921 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978 - 1 - 85941 - 159 - 9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 `` Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization of the Ovum '' . Gray 's Anatomy . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization '' . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angier , Natalie ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Sleek , Fast and Focused : The Cells That Make Dad Dad '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg , Science and Babies , National Academy Press , page 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez , Human Reproductive Biology , Third Edition , Elsevier , 2006 , page 238 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization : The Cortical Reaction '' . Boundless . Boundless . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jodar , M. ; Selvaraju , S. ; Sendler , E. ; Diamond , M.P. ; Krawetz , S.A. ; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks ( 2013 ) . `` The presence , role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 604 -- 624 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt031 . PMC 3796946 . PMID 23856356 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology , 5th ed . pp. 1119 - 1122 ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4989 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner F , Erd\u00f6sov\u00e1 B , Kylarov\u00e1 D ( December 2004 ) . `` Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development '' . Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 6 . doi : 10.5507 / bp. 2004.054 . PMID 15744391 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , H.P. ; Fleming , J.E.E. ( 1975 ) . `` A Critical Evaluation of Sonar `` crown - Rump Length '' Measurements `` . BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 710 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0528.1975. tb00710. x . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geirsson RT ( May 1991 ) . `` Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 0705.1991. 01030212. x . PMID 12797075 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6 , as given in : Fehring RJ , Schneider M , Raviele K ( 2006 ) . `` Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle '' . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.2006. 00051. x . PMID 16700687 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jukic AM , Baird DD , Weinberg CR , McConnaughey DR , Wilcox AJ ( 2013 ) . `` Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation '' . Hum . Reprod. 28 ( 10 ) : 2848 -- 55 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / det297 . PMC 3777570 . PMID 23922246 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jobe , Alan H ( 2004 ) . `` Post-conceptional age and IVH in ECMO patients '' . The Journal of Pediatrics. 145 ( 2 ) : A2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpeds. 2004.07. 010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fertilization ( Conception ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human physiology of sexual reproduction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Menstrual cycle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Menstruation </Li> <Li> Follicular phase </Li> <Li> Ovulation </Li> <Li> Luteal phase </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gametogenesis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium </Li> <Li> spermatocyte </Li> <Li> spermatid </Li> <Li> sperm ) </Li> <Li> Oogenesis ( oogonium </Li> <Li> oocyte </Li> <Li> ootid </Li> <Li> ovum ) </Li> <Li> Germ cell ( gonocyte </Li> <Li> gamete ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human sexual behavior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sexual arousal </Li> <Li> Sexual intercourse </Li> <Li> Masturbation </Li> <Li> Erection </Li> <Li> Orgasm </Li> <Li> Ejaculation </Li> <Li> Insemination </Li> <Li> Fertilisation / Fertility </Li> <Li> Implantation </Li> <Li> Pregnancy </Li> <Li> Postpartum period </Li> <Li> Mechanics of sex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life span </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization </Li> <Li> Virilization ) </Li> <Li> Puberty ( Gonadarche </Li> <Li> Pubarche </Li> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Spermarche </Li> <Li> Adrenarche ) </Li> <Li> Maternal age / Paternal age </Li> <Li> Climacteric ( Menopause </Li> <Li> Late - onset hypogonadism ) </Li> <Li> Tanner scale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Egg </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ovum </Li> <Li> Oviposition </Li> <Li> Oviparity </Li> <Li> Ovoviviparity </Li> <Li> Vivipary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reproductive endocrinology and infertility </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis </Li> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis </Li> <Li> Andrology </Li> <Li> Hormone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thelarche </Li> <Li> Breast development </Li> <Li> Lactation </Li> <Li> Breastfeeding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_fertilization&oldid=831042507 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fertility </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> \u010ce\u0161tina </Li> <Li> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc </Li> <Li> Fran\u00e7ais </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Latvie\u0161u </Li> <Li> \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> <Li> \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 </Li> <Li> Sloven\u010dina </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 11 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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    "document_text": "List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders - wikipedia <H1> List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFL lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Current season ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 2017 season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterbacks ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion <Ul> <Li> by team BUF </Li> <Li> MIA </Li> <Li> NE </Li> <Li> NYJ </Li> <Li> BAL </Li> <Li> CIN </Li> <Li> CLE </Li> <Li> PIT </Li> <Li> HOU </Li> <Li> IND </Li> <Li> JAX </Li> <Li> TEN </Li> <Li> DEN </Li> <Li> KC </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> <Li> OAK </Li> <Li> DAL </Li> <Li> NYG </Li> <Li> PHI </Li> <Li> WAS </Li> <Li> CHI </Li> <Li> DET </Li> <Li> GB </Li> <Li> MIN </Li> <Li> ATL </Li> <Li> CAR </Li> <Li> NO </Li> <Li> TB </Li> <Li> ARI </Li> <Li> LAR </Li> <Li> SF </Li> <Li> SEA </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Most wins </Li> <Li> Playoff records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with touchdown pass </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Win -- loss records 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Running backs ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Career rushing attempts leaders </Li> <Li> Career rushing yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career rushing touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> Annual rushing yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual rushing touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> 2,000 - yard club </Li> <Li> 1,000 - yard duos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receivers ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Career receptions leaders </Li> <Li> Career receiving yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career receiving touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receptions leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receiving yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receiving touchdowns leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defense ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Career sacks leaders </Li> <Li> Annual sacks leaders </Li> <Li> Career interceptions leaders </Li> <Li> Annual interceptions leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special teams ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Longest field goals </Li> <Li> Career field goals leaders </Li> <Li> Career punting yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career punt return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career kickoff return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual field goals leaders </Li> <Li> Annual punting yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual punt return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual kickoff return yards leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other lists ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) </Li> <Li> Career all - purpose yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career scoring leaders </Li> <Li> Brett Favre 's career achievements </Li> <Li> Peyton Manning 's career achievements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of the top National Football League ( NFL ) quarterbacks in wins . In the NFL , the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses . </P> <P> Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220 , most regular season wins with 195 , and most postseason wins with 25 , as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season . Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots , each of Brady 's win records also apply to wins with a single team . </P> <P> Among retired players , the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200 . In his final professional game , Manning set the then - record for wins , surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins . Other previous record - holders include John Elway ( 162 ) , Fran Tarkenton ( 130 ) , and Johnny Unitas ( 124 ) . Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at . 788 ( 61 wins to 16 losses ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history </Li> <Li> 2 Next in Line </Li> <Li> 3 Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history ( edit ) </H2> <P> This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of total wins , both regular season and playoffs , since the start of the modern era , 1950 . The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for . If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins , the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first . </P> <P> When sorting teams : </P> <Ul> <Li> Players are listed in order of number of wins for team . </Li> </Ul> <P> The following are grouped together </P> <Ul> <Li> Arizona , Phoenix and St. Louis Cardinals </Li> <Li> Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams </Li> <Li> Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers </Li> <Li> Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders </Li> <Li> Tennessee Titans and Houston Oilers </Li> <Li> Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts <Ul> <Li> ( except 1950 Baltimore Colts , a separate franchise which folded ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> To reset the table to its default sorting settings , simply reload the page . </P> <P> Updated through the December 31 games . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Active player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winning percentage \u2265 . 600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winning percentage \u2265 . 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Quarterbacks ranked by total wins , then winning percentage <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Brady </Td> <Td> 2000 -- present </Td> <Td> New England a ! New England </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 775 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis A ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 685 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Denver B ! Denver </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Atlanta F ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 618 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Green Bay a ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> NY Jets E ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Minnesota F ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Denver A ! Denver </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 645 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Miami a ! Miami </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 601 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Ben Roethlisberger </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh A ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 679 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- present </Td> <Td> New Orleans a ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Joe Montana </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> San Francisco a ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 711 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> Kansas City E ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> Minnesota a ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 533 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> NY Giants E ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis B ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 649 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Terry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh b ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 684 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Eli Manning </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> NY Giants a ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 527 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Jim Kelly </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Buffalo A ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 621 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Philip Rivers </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 547 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia a ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 607 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington I ! Washington </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Minnesota J ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Troy Aikman </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas A ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 583 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Warren Moon </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Tennessee B ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 493 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Minnesota D ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Seattle E ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Kansas City J ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Aaron Rodgers </Td> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> <Td> Green Bay b ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 652 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ken Stabler </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Oakland a ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 655 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> Tennessee E ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> New Orleans D ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Bart Starr </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Green Bay c ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 635 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Steve Young </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay F ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 650 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> San Francisco b ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Joe Flacco </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens A ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 604 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Phil Simms </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> NY Giants b ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 598 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Dave Krieg </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Seattle a ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 549 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Kansas City F ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Detroit F ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Arizona H ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago F ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Tennessee M ! Tennessee Oilers </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> New England C ! New England </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 508 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Buffalo D ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Dallas F ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Len Dawson </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1959 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh M ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 617 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Cleveland J ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Kansas City A ! Dallas Texans / Kansas City </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bob Griese </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> Miami b ! Miami </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 614 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Atlanta A ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 590 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Dallas B ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 733 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Steve McNair </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Tennessee a ! Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Titans </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 589 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens B ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Ken Anderson </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati A ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 522 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Carson Palmer </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati D ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 505 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Oakland G ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Arizona B ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Vinny Testaverde </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay C ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 422 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Cleveland F ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens C ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 2005 </Td> <Td> NY Jets C ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas G ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> New England G ! New England </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Carolina D ! Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Matt Hasselbeck </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 532 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Seattle b ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Tennessee G ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis F ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Alex Smith </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> San Francisco E ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Kansas City B ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Dan Fouts </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 503 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Jim Hart </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Arizona A ! St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 497 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Washington Y ! Washington </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Roman Gabriel </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 563 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia H ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Dallas E ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 562 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Giants K ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> Denver c ! Denver </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia b ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 594 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Minnesota g ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas J ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens F ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Chicago H ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 573 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> New York Bulldogs </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Detroit B ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh D ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Kerry Collins </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Carolina C ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 449 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> New Orleans F ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> NY Giants D ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Oakland H ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Tennessee E ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis z ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Washington a ! Washington </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 629 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Mark Brunell </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 516 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville a ! Jacksonville </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Washington F ! Washington </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> New Orleans J ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> NY Jets H ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Boomer Esiason </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 1997 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati C ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 466 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> NY Jets D ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arizona I ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> John Hadl </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> . 515 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> LA Rams E ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Green Bay d ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Tennessee K ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Tony Romo </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Dallas C ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 602 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Rich Gannon </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Minnesota E ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Washington L ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Kansas City G ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Oakland C ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Jim Plunkett </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> New England D ! New England </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 519 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> San Francisco G ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Oakland D ! Oakland / LA Raiders </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> Buffalo B ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 457 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Detroit G ! Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay I ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis H ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 588 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> San Francisco d ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> NY Giants F ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> LA Rams H ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 513 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia A ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami F ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Kansas City H ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> LA Rams D ! St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 589 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NY Giants k ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Arizona E ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Brad Johnson </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Minnesota C ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Washington E ! Washington </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay B ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Dallas J ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> John Brodie </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> San Francisco C ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Steve Grogan </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> New England b ! New England </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 543 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Jay Cutler </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Denver F ! Denver </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Chicago A ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- present </Td> <Td> Miami D ! Miami </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Russell Wilson </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Seattle C ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 681 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Jake Plummer </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> Arizona D ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Denver D ! Denver </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Daryle Lamonica </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Buffalo E ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 753 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Oakland B ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Jim McMahon </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> Chicago B ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 680 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia I ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Minnesota H ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Arizona J ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia G ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 487 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Washington B ! Washington </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Chris Chandler </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis E ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 445 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay K ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Arizona G ! Phoenix Cardinals </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> LA Rams k ! Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Tennessee H ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Atlanta D ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Chicago G ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Jim Harbaugh </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Chicago D ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 469 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis D ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens E ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Danny White </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> Dallas D ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 657 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Earl Morrall </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> San Francisco J ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 634 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh F ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> Detroit D ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> NY Giants J ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis C ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> Miami c ! Miami </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Jack Kemp </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh H ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 617 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Buffalo C ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Jim Everett </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> LA Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 418 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> New Orleans C ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Charlie Conerly </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> NY Giants C ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 612 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Carolina A ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 575 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Jay Schroeder </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> Washington D ! Washington </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 615 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Oakland F ! LA Raiders </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati G ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Arizona F ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Joe Namath </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Jets A ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> LA Rams I ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1957 </Td> <Td> LA Rams C ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 624 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia F ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Andy Dalton </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Cincinnati B ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 566 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Michael Vick </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Atlanta C ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 538 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia E ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> NY Jets G ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh G ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Trent Dilfer </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay A ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 529 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens D ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Seattle F ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Cleveland G ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> San Francisco K ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Billy Kilmer </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> New Orleans E ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 525 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> Washington C ! Washington </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Otto Graham </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Cleveland A ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 788 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Jake Delhomme </Td> <Td> 1999 , 2002 </Td> <Td> New Orleans G ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 587 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Carolina B ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cleveland I ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Jeff Garcia </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> San Francisco F ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 492 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cleveland H ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Detroit H ! Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia J ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay D ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Detroit A ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 469 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Steve Bartkowski </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Atlanta B ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 458 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> LA Rams G ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Arizona C ! St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 508 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Tennessee J ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Denver E ! Denver </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Dan Pastorini </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Tennessee C ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Oakland I ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> LA Rams L ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia K ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Frank Ryan </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> LA Rams F ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 661 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> Cleveland D ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Washington x ! Washington </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Neil O'Donnell </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh C ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 542 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> NY Jets F ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati F ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Tennessee I ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Brian Sipe </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Cleveland B ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 504 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Milt Plum </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Cleveland E ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 567 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> Detroit C ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> LA Rams m ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> NY Giants m ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Bobby Hebert </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> New Orleans B ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 544 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Atlanta E ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Tommy Kramer </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Minnesota B ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> New Orleans I ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Bernie Kosar </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Cleveland C ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dallas K ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Miami F ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Trent Green </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Washington H ! Washington </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 487 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 & 2008 </Td> <Td> LA Rams J ! St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Kansas City C ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Miami G ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Jeff Hostetler </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> NY Giants G ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 625 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Oakland E ! LA / Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Washington K ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Ed Brown </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Chicago C ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 581 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1965 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh E ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis G ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Chicago E ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 519 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Tennessee D ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Oakland J ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Steve DeBerg </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> San Francisco H ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 378 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Denver G ! Denver </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay E ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Kansas City D ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Miami e ! Miami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Atlanta G ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Stan Humphries </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> Washington J ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 609 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Norm Snead </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Washington G ! Washington </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 349 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia D ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Minnesota I ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Giants H ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> San Francisco I ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Ken O'Brien </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> NY Jets B ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 451 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia N ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Jon Kitna </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Seattle D ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 401 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati E ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Detroit E ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Dallas H ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Playoffs </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ * Note : Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs ( NFL ) in 1949 . The record for that team is 1 -- 10 -- 1 . Combined with his official post -- 1949 won -- loss -- tied record of 80 -- 51 -- 4 ( 0.607 ) , his overall estimated won -- loss -- tied record is 81 -- 61 -- 5 ( 0.568 ) . </P> <P> ^ \u2020 Note : The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team , not part of the current Colts franchise . </P> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Conerly is estimated to have gone 7 -- 8 -- 0 as a starter from 1948 -- 1949 . Combined with his official post-1949 won - loss - tied record of 58 -- 31 -- 1 ( 0.650 ) , his overall estimated won - loss - tied record is 65 -- 39 -- 1 ( 0.624 ) . </Li> <Li> Otto Graham also started 53 games for the Cleveland Browns when they were in the All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . He finished his professional career ( AAFC and NFL ) with a 105 -- 17 -- 4 regular - season record ( 84.0 % win rate ) . Graham took his team to the championship game in all ten of his professional seasons winning seven of them ( 4 AAFC and 3 NFL ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Next in Line ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"12\"> Next 3 Active Quarterbacks in line </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons Played </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schaub , Matt Matt Schaub </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> 4 teams , currently Atlanta </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 511 </Td> <Td> backup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fitzpatrick , Ryan Ryan Fitzpatrick </Td> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> <Td> 7 teams , currently Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 407 </Td> <Td> backup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 605 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Active Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hall of Fame QB </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Updated through the 2017 season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Brady </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ben Roethlisberger </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Joe Montana </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Eli Manning </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Terry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Philip Rivers </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Warren Moon </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Jim Kelly </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Dave Krieg </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ken Stabler </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Phil Simms </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Bart Starr </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Len Dawson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troy Aikman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aaron Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bob Griese </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carson Palmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Flacco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Ken Anderson </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve McNair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Vinny Testaverde </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Alex Smith </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Jim Hart </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Roman Gabriel </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Fouts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Hasselbeck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> John Hadl </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerry Collins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Boomer Esiason </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Brunell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Romo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Rich Gannon </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Steve Grogan </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> John Brodie </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Cutler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Jim Plunkett </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brad Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Plummer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Jim McMahon </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Chandler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Daryle Lamonica </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Harbaugh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Charlie Conerly </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Kemp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russell Wilson </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Jim Everett </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Earl Morrall </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Dalton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Joe Namath </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billy Kilmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Schroeder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Vick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Bartkowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Trent Dilfer </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Garcia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Otto Graham </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Sipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Milt Plum </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Pastorini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Hebert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trent Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Delhomme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Ed Brown </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neil O'Donnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Tommy Kramer </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve DeBerg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernie Kosar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Norm Snead </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Jeff Hostetler </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Ken O'Brien </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Humphries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jon Kitna </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of National Football League records ( individual ) # QB Wins </Li> <Li> NFL starting quarterback playoff records </Li> <Li> List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Statistics '' . pPro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Elway Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Marino Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Montana Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fran Tarkenton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Terry Bradshaw Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eli Manning Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Kelly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philip Rivers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Troy Aikman Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warren Moon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ken Stabler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bart Starr Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Young Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Flacco Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phil Simms Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dave Krieg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Griese Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Staubach Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve McNair Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ken Anderson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Hasselbeck Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alex Smith Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Fouts Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Hart Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roman Gabriel Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Craig Morton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Randall Cunningham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Layne Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kerry Collins Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Theismann Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark Brunell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boomer Esiason Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Hadl Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rich Gannon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Ferguson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ron Jaworski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kurt Warner Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Brodie Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Grogan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russell Wilson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jake Plummer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daryle Lamonica Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim McMahon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sonny Jurgensen Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Chandler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danny White Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earl Morrall Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Kemp Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Everett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlie Conerly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jay Schroeder Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Namath Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norm Van Brocklin Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trent Dilfer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Kilmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Otto Graham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jake Delhomme Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeff Garcia Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stafford Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charley Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Pastorini Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neil O'Donnell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian Sipe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Milt Plum Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hebert Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tommy Kramer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bernie Kosar Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trent Green Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hostetler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Brown Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Blanda Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve DeBerg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stan Humphries Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norm Snead Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ken O'Brien Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jon Kitna Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AP ( 12 Feb 2004 ) . `` Graham won seven pro titles '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 Nov 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schaub stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fitzpatrick stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luck stats '' . 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    "document_text": "Roanoke Colony - wikipedia <H1> Roanoke Colony </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Lost Colony '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lost Colony ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> Roanoke Colony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> Colony of England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1585 -- c. 1590 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> Virginea Pars map , drawn by John White during his initial visit in 1585 . Roanoke is the small pink island in the middle right of the map . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> History </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Established </Td> <Td> 1585 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Birth of Virginia Dare </Td> <Td> August 18 , 1587 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abandoned </Td> <Td> Before August c. 1590 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Found abandoned </Td> <Td> August 18 , 1590 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> Population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1587 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Today part of </Td> <Td> United States <Ul> <Li> Dare County , North Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Roanoke Colony ( / \u02c8ro\u028a\u0259\u02ccno\u028ak / ) , also known as the Lost Colony , was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today 's Dare County , North Carolina . It was a late 16th - century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America . The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh . </P> <P> The colonists disappeared during the Anglo - Spanish War , three years after the last shipment of supplies from England . Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname `` The Lost Colony '' . There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Raleigh 's charter </Li> <Li> 3 First voyages to Roanoke Island <Ul> <Li> 3.1 In the New World </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Lost Colony <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Return to the Lost Colony </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Thomas Harriot </Li> <Li> 6 Investigations into Roanoke </Li> <Li> 7 Reports of John Smith and William Strachey </Li> <Li> 8 Hypotheses about the disappearance <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Integration with local tribes </Li> <Li> 8.2 Other theories <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Spanish </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 Dare Stones </Li> <Li> 8.2. 3 Virginia Pars Map </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Archaeological evidence </Li> <Li> 10 Climate factors </Li> <Li> 11 Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project </Li> <Li> 12 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Books </Li> <Li> 12.2 Comics </Li> <Li> 12.3 Film </Li> <Li> 12.4 TV </Li> <Li> 12.5 Internet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <P> The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert , who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St. John 's , Newfoundland . Sir Humphrey Gilbert 's half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother 's charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville , Raleigh 's distant cousin . </P> <H2> Raleigh 's charter </H2> A watercolor of the fort in Guyanailla Bay , which is likely similar to the fort constructed on Roanoke <P> On March 25 , 1584 , Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America . This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America , or lose his right to colonization . </P> <P> The Queen and Raleigh intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World . The queen 's charter said that Raleigh was supposed to `` discover , search , find out , and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands , Countries , and territories ... to have , hold , occupy , and enjoy '' . </P> <P> The queen 's charter also said that Raleigh was supposed to establish a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain . The purpose of these raids was to tell Spain that England was ready for war . The original charter basically told Raleigh to establish a military base to counteract the activities of the Spaniards . Raleigh himself never visited North America , although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to South America 's Orinoco River basin in search of the legendary golden city of El Dorado . </P> <H2> First Voyages to Roanoke Island </H2> <P> On April 27 , 1584 , Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America . They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives , the Secotans and Croatans . Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese , who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh . Based on the information given , Raleigh organized a second expedition , to be led by Sir Richard Grenville . </P> Sir Walter Raleigh <P> Grenville 's fleet departed Plymouth on April 9 , 1585 , with five main ships : Tiger ( Grenville 's ) , Roebuck , Red Lion , Elizabeth , and Dorothy . A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet . The captains had a contingency plan if they were separated , which was to meet up again in Puerto Rico , and Tiger arrived in the `` Baye of Muskito '' ( Guayanilla Bay ) on May 11 . </P> <P> While waiting for the other ships , Grenville established relations with the resident Spanish while simultaneously engaging in some privateering against them . He also built a fort . Elizabeth arrived soon after the fort 's construction . Grenville eventually tired of waiting for the remaining ships and departed on June 7 . The fort was abandoned , and its location remains unknown . </P> <P> Tiger sailed through Ocracoke Inlet on June 26 , but it struck a shoal , ruining most of the food supplies . The expedition succeeded in repairing the ship and , in early July , reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy , which had arrived in the Outer Banks with Red Lion some weeks previous . Red Lion had dropped off its passengers and left for Newfoundland for privateering . </P> <H3> In the New World </H3> <P> During the initial exploration of the mainland coast and the native settlements , the Europeans blamed the natives of the village of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup . As retaliation , the settlers sacked and burned the village . English writer and courtier Richard Hakluyt 's contemporaneous reports also describe this incident . ( Hakluyt 's reports of the first voyage to Roanoke were compiled from accounts by various financial backers , including Sir Walter Raleigh . Hakluyt himself never traveled to the New World . ) </P> <P> Despite this incident and a lack of food , Grenville decided to leave Ralph Lane and 107 men to establish a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island , promising to return in April 1586 with more men and fresh supplies . The group disembarked on August 17 , 1585 , and built a small fort on the island . There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort , but it was likely similar in structure to the one in Guayanilla Bay . Grenville in the Tiger on only his seventh day of sail captured ( after a three - day battle ) a rich Spanish galleon , Santa Maria de San Vicente off Bermuda which he took with him as a prize back to England . </P> <P> As April 1586 passed , there was no sign of Grenville 's relief fleet . Meanwhile , in June , bad blood resulted from the destruction of the village , and this spurred an attack on the fort by the local Native Americans , which the colonists were able to repel . Soon after the attack , Sir Francis Drake was on his way home from a successful raid in the Caribbean , and he stopped at the colony and offered to take the colonists back to England . Several accepted , including metallurgist Joachim Gans . On this return voyage , the Roanoke colonists introduced tobacco , maize , and potatoes to England . The relief fleet arrived shortly after Drake 's departure with the colonists . Finding the colony abandoned , Grenville returned to England with the bulk of his force , leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh 's claim to Roanoke Island . </P> <H2> Lost Colony </H2> <P> In 1587 , Raleigh dispatched a new group of 115 colonists to establish a colony on Chesapeake Bay . They were led by John White , an artist and friend of Raleigh who had accompanied the previous expedition to Roanoke , and was appointed governor of the 1587 colony . White and Raleigh named 12 assistants to aid in the settlement . They were ordered to stop at Roanoke to pick up the small contingent left there by Grenville the previous year , but when they arrived on July 22 , 1587 , they found nothing except a skeleton that may have been the remains of one of the English garrison . </P> Baptism of Virginia Dare , the first English child born in North America . Lithograph , 1880 <P> When they could find no one , the master pilot Simon Fernandez refused to let the colonists return to the ships , insisting that they establish the new colony on Roanoke . His motives remain unclear , however , and new evidence offered by author Brandon Fullam indicates not only that Fernandez had good reason for his actions , but that the decision to alter the Chesapeake Bay destination had already been agreed to prior to their arrival at Roanoke . </P> <P> White re-established relations with the Croatan and other local tribes , but those with whom Lane had fought previously refused to meet with him . Shortly thereafter , colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound . </P> <P> The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony 's desperate situation and ask for help . Left behind were about 115 colonists -- the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White 's newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare , the first English child born in the Americas . </P> <P> White sailed for England in late 1587 , although crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk . Plans for a relief fleet were delayed first by the captain 's refusal to return during the winter , and then the attack on England of the Spanish Armada and the subsequent Anglo - Spanish War . Every able English ship joined the fight , leaving White without a means to return to Roanoke at the time . In the spring of 1588 , White managed to acquire two small vessels and sailed for Roanoke ; however , his attempt to return was thwarted when the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward - bound voyage ( in order to improve their profits ) . They themselves were captured and their cargo seized . With nothing left to deliver to the colonists , the ships returned to England . </P> <H3> Return to the Lost Colony </H3> Further information : Watts ' West Indies and Virginia expedition The discovery of the word `` Croatoan '' carved onto a stockade board <P> Because of the continuing war with Spain , White was unable to mount another resupply attempt for an additional three years . He finally gained passage on a privateering expedition organised by John Watts and Walter Raleigh . They agreed to stop off at Roanoke on the way back after raiding the Spanish in the Caribbean . White landed on August 18 , 1590 , on his granddaughter 's third birthday , but found the settlement deserted . His men could not find any trace of the 90 men , 17 women , and 11 children , nor was there any sign of a struggle or battle . </P> <P> The only clue was the word `` CROATOAN '' carved into a post of the fence around the village , and the letters C-R-O carved into a nearby tree . All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled , which meant that their departure had not been hurried . Before he had left the colony , White instructed the colonists that , if anything happened to them , they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby , indicating that their absence had been forced . There was no cross , and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island ( now known as Hatteras Island ) , but he was unable to conduct a search . A massive storm was forming and his men refused to go any farther ; the next day , they left . </P> <H2> Thomas Harriot </H2> <P> Born in 1560 , Thomas Harriot entered Raleigh 's employment in the early 1580s , after graduating from the University of Oxford . Harriot may have been among the men of Arthur Barlowe 's 1584 expedition of the colony . He trained the members of Raleigh 's first Roanoke expedition in navigational skills and eventually sailed to Roanoke with the second group of settlers , where his skills as a naturalist became particularly important along with those of painter and settlement leader John White . </P> <P> Between their arrival in Roanoke in April 1585 and the July 1586 departure , Harriot and White both conducted detailed studies of the Roanoke area , with Harriot compiling his samples and notes into several notebooks that did not survive the colony 's disappearance . Harriot also wrote descriptions of the surrounding flora and fauna of the area , which survive in his work A Brief and True Report of the New Founde Land of Virginia , written as a report on the colony 's progress to the English government on the request of Raleigh . Viewed by modern historians as propaganda for the colony , this work has become vastly important to Roanoke 's history due to Harriot 's observations on wildlife as well as his depictions of Indian activities at the time of the colony 's disappearance . </P> <P> Harriot reports that relations between the Roanoke Indians and the English settlers were mutually calm and prosperous , contradicting other historical evidence that catalogs the bloody struggles between the Roanoke Indians and both of Raleigh 's commanders , Sir Richard Grenville and his successor , Ralph Lane . Harriot recounts little to none of these accounts in his report to England and does not mention the disorderly state of the colony under either Grenville 's or Lane 's tenure , correctly assuming these facts would prevent Roanoke from gaining more settlers . Harriot 's text did not reach England , or the English press , until 1588 , by which time the fate of the `` Lost Colony '' was sealed in all but name . </P> <H2> Investigations into Roanoke </H2> Reconstructed fortifications at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site <P> Twelve years went by before Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony . Led by Samuel Mace , this 1602 expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors ' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering . However , Raleigh still hoped to make money from the trip , and Mace 's ship landed in the Outer Banks to gather aromatic woods or plants such as sassafras that would generate a decent profit back in England . By the time they could turn their attention to the colonists , the weather had turned bad and they were forced to return without even making it to Roanoke Island . By this time , having been arrested for treason , Raleigh was unable to send any further missions . </P> <P> There was one final expedition in 1603 led by Bartholomew Gilbert with the intention of finding Roanoke colonists . Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay , but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there . The landing team , including Gilbert himself , was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29 . The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty - handed . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the Spanish had different reasons for wanting to find the colony . Knowing of Raleigh 's plans to use Roanoke as a base for privateering , they were hoping to destroy it . Moreover , they had been getting mostly inaccurate reports of activities there , and they imagined the colony to be far more successful than it actually was . </P> <P> In 1590 , they found the remnants of the colony purely by accident , but assumed it was only an outlying base of the main settlement , which they believed was in the Chesapeake Bay area ( John White 's intended location ) . But just as the Anglo - Spanish War prevented White from returning in a timely manner , Spanish authorities in the New World could not muster enough support back home for such a venture . </P> <H2> Reports of John Smith and William Strachey </H2> <P> Once the Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 , efforts were undertaken by the English to acquire information from the Powhatan tribe about Roanoke . The first definitive information concerning the fate of the Lost Colony came from Captain John Smith , leader of the Jamestown Colony from 1608 to 1609 . According to chronicler Samuel Purchas , Smith learned from Chief Powhatan that he had personally conducted the slaughter of the Roanoke colonists just prior to the arrival of the Jamestown settlers because they were living with the Chesepians , a tribe living in the eastern portion of the present - day South Hampton Roads sub-region who were related to the Pamlico tribe in Carolina and who refused to merge with the Powhatans . This shocking information was reported to England and by the spring of 1609 , King James and the Royal Council were convinced that Chief Powhatan was responsible for the slaughter of the Lost Colony . </P> <P> The second source of Chief Powhatan 's involvement was William Strachey , Secretary of the Jamestown colony in 1610 -- 11 . Strachey 's The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia seemed to confirm Smith 's report and provided additional information : the colonists had been living peacefully among a group of natives beyond Powhatan 's domain for more than twenty years when they were massacred . Furthermore , Powhatan himself seemed to have directed the slaughter because of prophecies by his priests that he would be overthrown by people from that area , and he reportedly produced several English - made iron implements to back his claim . </P> <P> The information from these two sources , John Smith and William Strachey , provides the basis for the traditional view that the Lost Colony was slaughtered by Chief Powhatan , and versions of the Powhatan - Lost Colony - slaughter scenario have persisted for more than 400 years . However , no bodies were found and no archaeological evidence has been found to support this claim . </P> <P> Furthermore , recent re-examination of the Smith and Strachey sources advanced by author and researcher Brandon Fullam has suggested that the massacre described by Powhatan was actually of the 15 people left behind by the first Roanoke expedition , leaving the fate of the second colony still unknown . </P> <H2> Hypotheses about the disappearance </H2> <P> </P> <H3> Integration with local tribes </H3> The Francis Nelson ( or Zuniga ) map , c. 1607 <P> As per Smith 's and Strachey 's reports , Dr. David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed . To make the journey northward , Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings . Naturally , if that were the mode of transportation , the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well . </P> <P> In her 2000 book Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony , historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke , who were attacked by another tribe , identified by the Jamestown Colony as the `` Mandoag '' ( an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations ) . The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora , an Iroquois - speaking tribe , or the Eno , also known as the Wainoke . </P> <P> The so - called `` Zuniga Map '' ( named for Pedro de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga , the Spanish ambassador to England , who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain ) , drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson , also gives credence to this claim . The map states `` four men clothed that came from roonock '' were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse . William Strachey wrote that , at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen , there were reportedly two - story houses with stone walls . The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers . In both cases , as stated above , it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan 's attack on the first Jamestown colonists . </P> <P> There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period . Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men , two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc , under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco . Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river , the present - day Chowan River in Bertie County , North Carolina . </P> <P> John Lawson wrote in his 1709 work A New Voyage to Carolina that the Croatans living on Hatteras Island used to live on Roanoke Island and claimed to have white ancestors : </P> <P> A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians , who either then lived on Ronoak - Island , or much frequented it . These tell us , that several of their Ancestors were white People , and could talk in a Book , as we do ; the Truth of which is confirm 'd by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians , and no others . They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English , and are ready to do them all friendly Offices . It is probable , that this Settlement miscarry 'd for want of timely Supplies from England ; or thro ' the Treachery of the Natives , for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them , for Relief and Conversation ; and that in process of Time , they conform 'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations . </P> <P> From the early 17th century to the middle 18th century , European colonists reported encounters with gray - eyed American Indians who claimed descent from the colonists ( although at least one , a story of a Welsh priest who met a Doeg warrior who spoke the Welsh language , is likely to be a hoax ) . Records from French Huguenots who settled along the Tar River in 1696 tell of meeting Tuscaroras with blond hair and blue eyes not long after their arrival . As Jamestown was the nearest English settlement , and they had no record of being attacked by Tuscarora , the likelihood that the origin of those fair - skinned natives was the Lost Colony is high . </P> <P> Fred Willard and Phillip MacMullan believe that the colonists along with the Croatans relocated to villages along the Alligator River in an area known as `` Beechland '' , slightly inland from Roanoke Island . Archeological remains of settlements have been discovered in the area , including coffins with Christian markings on them where there had been no previous record of a grave site , but their hypothesis is mostly based on oral histories and also lacks any definitive evidence . </P> <P> In the late 1880s , North Carolina state legislator Hamilton McMillan discovered that his `` redbones '' ( those of Indian blood ) neighbors in Robeson County claimed to have been descended from the Roanoke settlers . He also noticed that many of the words in their language had striking similarities to obsolete English words . Furthermore , many of the family names were identical to those listed in Hakluyt 's account of the colony . Thus on February 10 , 1885 , convinced that these were the descendants of the Lost Colony , he helped to pass the `` Croatan bill '' , that officially designated the population around Robeson county as Croatan . Two days later on February 12 , 1885 , the Fayetteville Observer published an article regarding the Robeson people 's origins . This article states : </P> <P> They say that their traditions say that the people we call the Croatan Indians ( though they do not recognize that name as that of a tribe , but only a village , and that they were Tuscaroras ) , were always friendly to the whites ; and finding them destitute and despairing of ever receiving aid from England , persuaded them to leave ( Roanoke Island ) , and go to the mainland ... They gradually drifted away from their original seats , and at length settled in Robeson , about the center of the county ... </P> <P> However , the case was far from settled . A similar legend claims that the now extinct Saponi of Person County , North Carolina , are descended from the English colonists of Roanoke Island . However , no documented evidence exists to link the Saponi to the Roanoke colonists . </P> <P> Other tribes claiming partial descent from surviving Roanoke colonists include the Catawba ( who absorbed the Shakori and Eno people ) , and the Coree and the people who call themselves the Lumbee . Samuel A'Court Ashe was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County , and Conway Whittle Sams claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Powhatan , the colonists scattered to multiple locations : the Chowan River , and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers . </P> <H3> Other theories </H3> Spanish <P> Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony . Earlier in the century , the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline , a French colony near present - day Jacksonville , Florida . However , a Spanish attack is unlikely , as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England 's failed colony as late as 1600 , ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing . </P> Dare stones Main article : Dare Stones <P> From 1937 to 1941 , a series of inscribed stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare , mother of Virginia Dare . They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths . Most historians believe that they are a fraud , but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine . </P> Virginia Pars map <P> In May 2011 , Brent Lane of the First Colony Foundation was studying the Virginia Pars Map , which was made by John White during his 1585 visit to Roanoke Island , and noticed two patches where the map had been corrected . The patches are made of paper contemporaneous with that of the map . Lane asked researchers at the British Museum in London , where the map has been kept since 1866 , what might be under the patches , sparking a research investigation . On May 3 , 2012 , at Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , members of the Foundation and representatives of the museum announced the discovery of `` a large , square - shaped symbol with oddly shaped corners . '' This symbol , presumed to represent a fort , is visible when the map is viewed on a light box . Some scholars speculate that the colonists relocated to that location , on what is now called Salmon Creek in the Bertie County community of Merry Hill . The Scotch Hall Preserve golf course community was planned on the site , but it has not been fully developed . </P> <P> The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found , as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014 . </P> <H2> Archaeological evidence </H2> <P> In 1993 , Hurricane Emily caused numerous relics to appear , and David Phelps of East Carolina University later began digging in the area and found evidence the settlers lived with the native people . </P> <P> In 1998 , East Carolina University organized `` The Croatoan Project '' , an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke . The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat ( 42 % ) gold 16th - century English signet ring , gun flints , and two copper farthings ( produced sometime in the 1670s ) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital , 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the old Roanoke Colony . Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms , and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 . If this is the case , the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island . However , archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested , and Charles Ewen , who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired , had the ring tested and found the ring was brass . Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 . Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century . </P> <P> It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion . Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore , and this location is well - documented and backed up , it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby . The northern shore , between 1851 and 1970 , lost 928 feet ( 283 m ) because of erosion . If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke , shoreline erosion was following the same trend , it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater , along with any artifacts or signs of life . Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations . </P> <H2> Climate factors </H2> <P> In 1998 , a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle , of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 - year - old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies . </P> <P> The researchers concluded that the settlers of the Lost Colony landed at Roanoke Island in the summer of the worst growing - season drought in 800 years . `` This drought persisted for 3 years , from 1587 to 1589 , and is the driest 3 - year episode in the entire 800 - year reconstruction , '' the team reported in the journal Science . A map shows that `` the Lost Colony drought affected the entire southeastern United States but was particularly severe in the Tidewater region near Roanoke ( Island ) . '' The authors suggested that the Croatan who were shot and killed by the colonists may have been scavenging the abandoned village for food as a result of the drought . </P> <H2> Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project </H2> <P> The Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project was founded in 2007 by a group led by Roberta Estes , who owns a private DNA - testing company , in order to solve the mystery of the Lost Colony using historical records , migration patterns , oral histories and DNA testing . The project used Y chromosome , Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA . As of 2016 , they have not yet been able to positively identify any descendants of the colony . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Books </H3> <Ul> <Li> The White Doe : The Fate of Virginia Dare ( 1901 ) is one of the many novels about the most settlers of the Roanoke Colony , Virginia Dare , that details the theory of assimilation . In this story , Dare is married off into the Croatan tribe . </Li> <Li> The Daughter of Virginia Dare ( 1908 ) is another novel about Virginia Dare , in which the author claims Dare to be the mother of Pocahontas . </Li> <Li> Rising Shore Roanoke ( 2007 ) by Deborah Homsher </Li> <Li> The Missing Book 3 : Sabotaged ( 2010 ) by Margaret Peterson Haddix </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame - Smith , released in 2010 , features a character called Henry , a vampire who was a part of the Roanoke Colony . Through this character , the novel presents a situation in which `` Cro '' referred to the Colony 's Doctor Crowley . In this fictional version of events , the Colony was wiped out by Dr. Crowley , a vampire who then turned Henry into a vampire to be his companion . </Li> <Li> The Last American Vampire is the 2015 sequel to Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter . This time , the story follows the character , Henry . He reveals that he lied about the death of Virginia Dare and that in truth , he kept her alive and raised her as his own . In this version of events , Dare is still alive and lives on as a vampire . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Comics </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marvel 1602 , a 2003 comic book series , provides an alternate timeline in which the Roanoke Colony thrived and places many Marvel characters , such as Steve Rogers in this situation . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Marvel Comics Presents , an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics , included a story in which the responsible of the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony was a Vinland viking settler turned into a vampire circa AD 1000 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film </H3> <Ul> <Li> The dramatic feature , The Legend of Two Path ( 1998 ) , recounts the arrival of the English settlers from the viewpoint of the Native Americans of Roanoke Island in 1584 . </Li> <Li> 2004 crime thriller Mindhunters is about someone who goes missing from a group of FBI trainees , only to be found in the Lost Colony after leaving the word ' Croatoan ' behind as a clue . </Li> <Li> Wraiths of Roanoke , otherwise known as The Lost Colony is a 2007 Sci Fi original movie the features the perspective of Ananias Dare , the father of Virginia and the one John White leaves in charge of the Colony while he is gone . In this fictional story , Vikings are responsible for the Colony 's disappearance , and the victims become ghosts that haunt the island . Ananias Dare defeats the ghosts and sends Virginia away from the island , who is then raised by Manteo , the Croatan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> TV </H3> <Ul> <Li> Stephen King 's 1999 miniseries , Storm of the Century is loosely based on the story of the Roanoke Colony and offers a theory as to what happened . </Li> <Li> In cancelled TV series , FreakyLinks ( 2000 ) , character Embry 's brother dies whilst investigating the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony . Virginia Dare is alive as a demonic being in this story who is revealed to have been responsible for killing off the Roanoke Colony . </Li> <Li> In 2005 TV series Haven , a character dreams of the Roanoke Colony . The word ' Croatoan ' comes to symbolize a monster . </Li> <Li> The first season of Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 ) connects The Legend of Sleepy Hollow to the story of the Roanoke Colony . In this adaptation , the Horseman of Pestilence supposedly visited Roanoke Island and infected its inhabitants with plague . Virginia Dare became a ghost and led her fellow settlers to Upstate New York where they continue to haunt to this day . </Li> <Li> American Horror Story : Roanoke , which came out in 2016 , is the sixth season of American Horror Story , features the colonists from real life as spirits that haunt North Carolina due to a deal that John White 's wife made with a witch . As a result , they must perform blood rituals and murder people during the month of October . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Internet </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` The Mysterious Disappearance of the Roanoke Colony '' , released on November 17 , 2017 , is an episode of BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural in which the various theories that surround the disappearance are discussed . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of colonists at Roanoke </Li> <Li> Charlesfort - Santa Elena Site </Li> <Li> List of people who disappeared mysteriously </Li> <Li> Timeline of the colonization of North America </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh March 25 , 1584 '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quinn , David B. ( February 1985 ) . Set Fair for Roanoke : Voyages and Colonies , 1584 -- 1606 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.designhammer.com , Website graphic design and web development by DesignHammer Media Group LLC , Building Smarter Websites . `` North Carolina History Project : Roanoke Island '' . www.northcarolinahistory.org . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kupperman , Karen Ordahl ( January 25 , 1984 ) . Roanoke , The Abandoned Colony . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7339 - 1 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell - Dollaghan , Kelsey . `` New Discoveries Could Explain What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teacher Handbook to Roanoke Revisited '' . Fort Raleigh National Historic Site . National Park Service . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Milton , Giles ( October 19 , 2001 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth : The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42018 - 5 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blacker , Irwin ( 1965 ) . Hakluyt 's Voyages : The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation . New York : The Viking Press . p. 522 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lane , Ralph . `` The Account by Ralph Lane . An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Roanoke by Richard Grenville under the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same , from the 17 . of August 1585 . until the 18 . of June 1586 . at which time they departed the Countrey ; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh '' . Old South Leaflets ( General Series ) ; No. 119 . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller p 104 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Walter Lynwood ( 1909 ) . The South in the Building of the Nation : History of the States . The Southern historical publication society . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller , Lee ( 2000 ) . Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 584 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives , Chapt. 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grizzard , Frank E. ; Smith , D. Boyd ( 2007 ) . Jamestown Colony : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 637 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neville , John D . `` The John White Colony '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harriot , Thomas . Nina Baym , ed . A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia . The Norton Anthology of American Literature . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zandt , Cynthia J. Van ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) . Brothers Among Nations : The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America , 1580 -- 1660 . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780199720552 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parramore , Thomas C. ; Stewart , Peter C. ; Bogger , Tommy L. ( April 2000 ) . Norfolk : The First Four Centuries . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1988 - 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strachey , William ( 1612 ) . The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia : Expressing the cosmographie and commodities of the country , togither with the manners and customes of the people . Hakluyt Society . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gabriel - Powell , Andy ( October 14 , 2016 ) . Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 120 . ISBN 9781476626680 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McMullan , Jr. , Philip S. `` A Search for the Lost Colony in Beechland '' . The Lost Colony Center for Science and Research . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , Arwin D. ( October 16 , 2002 ) . Bertie County : An Eastern Carolina History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2395 - 8 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( August 31 , 2010 ) . Half Moon : Henry Hudson and the Voyage That Redrew the Map of the New World . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 098 - 0 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stick , David ( November 1983 ) . Roanoke Island , The Beginnings of English America . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4110 - 5 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warner , Charles Dudley , Captain John Smith , 1881 . Repr. in Captain John Smith ; Project Gutenberg Text ; accessed April 1 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawson , John ( 1709 ) . A New Voyage to Carolina . London . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Gwyn A. ( 1979 ) . Madoc , The Making of a Myth . Eyre Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 39450 - 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Croatan Indians of Robeson '' . Fayetteville Observer ( SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED ) . February 12 , 1885 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Vere , David ( July 2009 ) . `` The 1937 Chowan River ' Dare Stone ' : A Re-evaluation '' . North Carolina Historical Review . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ancient map gives clue to fate of ' Lost Colony ' '' . Science News . The Telegraph . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , Jay ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Old map offers new clues to fate of the Lost Colony '' . The Charlotte Observer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Researchers hopeful that NC site is that of Lost Colony '' . News & Observer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hampton , Jeff ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Artifacts show Lost Colony settlers lived with natives '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Family Crest on Sixteenth - Century Gold Ring Tentatively Identified '' . Roanoke Colonies Research Newsletter . East Carolina University . May 1999 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatan Dig 1998 -- 1999 Season '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Croatan 16 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan , Charles ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` A simple lab test throws doubt on ' Lost Colony ' theories '' . News & Observer . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawler , Andrew ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dolan , Robert ; Kenton Bosserman ( September 1972 ) . `` Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 62 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 426 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1972. tb00875. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Roanoke Island Colony : Lost , and Found ? '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stahle , David W. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts '' . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 564 -- 567 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 564 . PMID 9554842 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caroline Lee Heuer ; Jonathon T. Overpeck . `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- Lost Colony and Jamestown Drought '' . Ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephenie Koehn , `` DNA pro at work on an old mystery / Brighton area woman a part of Lost Colony research '' , The Ann Arbor News , ( Ann Arbor , MI ) , 27 July 2007 , hosted at Lost Colony website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaminski , Len ( w ) , Heck , Don ( p ) , Ivy , Chris ( i ) , Ivy , Chris ( col ) , Starkings , Richard ( let ) , Kavanagh , Terry ) ( ed ) . `` Norse Blood '' Marvel Comics Presents 63 : 25 ( November 1990 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hariot , Thomas , John White and John Lawson ( 1999 ) . A Vocabulary of Roanoke . Evolution Publishing : Merchantville , NJ . ISBN 1 - 889758 - 81 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This volume contains practically everything known about the Croatan language spoken on Roanoke Island . </Li> <Li> Miller , Lee , Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony Retrieved April 2011 </Li> <Li> Giles Milton ( 2000 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 26501 - 1 . Critically acclaimed account , based on contemporary travel accounts from 1497 -- 1611 , of attempts to establish a colony in the Roanoke area . Milton is also the author of the 2013 children 's fictional work , Children of the Wild , which tells the story of the colony through the eyes of four English children . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roanoke Colony . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The finding of Raleigh 's lost colony ( 1907 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost Colony of Roanoke loses its portrait of Queen Elizabeth I </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kingdom of England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Anglo - Saxon England <Ul> <Li> Heptarchy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kingdom of England </Li> <Li> Norman conquest </Li> <Li> Anglo - Normans </Li> <Li> Angevin Empire </Li> <Li> England in the Late Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Wars of the Roses </Li> <Li> Tudor period </Li> <Li> Stuart period </Li> <Li> English Renaissance </Li> <Li> English Reformation </Li> <Li> Elizabethan era </Li> <Li> Union of the Crowns </Li> <Li> Overseas possessions </Li> <Li> Gunpowder Plot </Li> <Li> Jacobean era </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Interregnum <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth of England </Li> <Li> The Protectorate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Restoration </Li> <Li> Popish Plot </Li> <Li> Glorious Revolution </Li> <Li> Maritime history </Li> <Li> Economy in the Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Union with Scotland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royal Houses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wessex </Li> <Li> Kn\u00fdtlinga </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Angevin </Li> <Li> Plantagenet </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> York </Li> <Li> Tudor </Li> <Li> Stuart </Li> <Li> Orange - Nassau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Law </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Witenagemot </Li> <Li> Curia regis </Li> <Li> Parliament <Ul> <Li> House of Lords </Li> <Li> House of Commons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Monarchy <Ul> <Li> Council of State </Li> <Li> Lord Protector </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Peerage </Li> <Li> Privy Council </Li> <Li> Ministries </Li> <Li> Secretary of State </Li> <Li> Governance <Ul> <Li> Elizabethan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Star Chamber </Li> <Li> Whigs </Li> <Li> Tories </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Acts of Parliament : to 1483 </Li> <Li> 1485 -- 1601 </Li> <Li> 1603 -- 1641 </Li> <Li> 1642 -- 1660 </Li> <Li> 1660 -- 1699 </Li> <Li> 1700 -- 1706 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anglo - Saxon military <Ul> <Li> Warfare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> English Army <Ul> <Li> New Model Army </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Royal Navy <Ul> <Li> Ships </Li> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Counties </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Places </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Castles </Li> <Li> Palaces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English language </Li> <Li> English people <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Church of England </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Folklore </Li> <Li> Morris dance </Li> <Li> Country dance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architecture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anglo - Saxon </Li> <Li> English Gothic </Li> <Li> Tudor </Li> <Li> Elizabethan </Li> <Li> Jacobean </Li> <Li> Queen Anne </Li> <Li> Georgian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symbols </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National flag ( list ) </Li> <Li> Heraldry </Li> <Li> Coat of arms <Ul> <Li> College of Arms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Royal badges </Li> <Li> Royal supporters </Li> <Li> Royal standards </Li> <Li> Crown Jewels </Li> <Li> Tudor rose </Li> <Li> Oak tree </Li> <Li> St George <Ul> <Li> St George 's Day </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Articles on the history of England </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 35 \u00b0 55 \u2032 42 '' N 75 \u00b0 42 \u2032 15 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 35.928259 \u00b0 N 75.704098 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 35.928259 ; 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    "document_text": "List of regions of Africa - wikipedia <H1> List of regions of Africa </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The five regions according to the United Nations geoscheme for Africa . The five regions of the African Union . The five regions of the Confederation of African Football . <P> The continent of Africa is commonly divided into five regions or subregions , four of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa , though some definitions may contain four ( removing Central Africa ) or six regions ( separating the horn of Africa into its own region ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of subregions in Africa </Li> <Li> 2 Directional approach </Li> <Li> 3 Physiographic approach </Li> <Li> 4 Linguistic approach <Ul> <Li> 4.1 By official language </Li> <Li> 4.2 By indigenous language family </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Investment approach </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of subregions in Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> The five UN subregions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Northern Africa </Li> <Li> Eastern Africa </Li> <Li> Central Africa </Li> <Li> Western Africa </Li> <Li> Southern Africa </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Sahara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burundi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djibouti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayotte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozambique </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reunion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Sudan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Helena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Directional approach ( edit ) </H2> <P> One common approach categorises Africa directionally , e.g. , by cardinal direction ( compass direction ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> North Africa lies north of the Sahara and runs along the Mediterranean coast . </Li> <Li> West Africa is the portion roughly west of 10 \u00b0 east longitude , excluding Northern Africa and the Maghreb . West Africa contains large portions of the Sahara Desert and the Adamawa Mountains . </Li> <Li> East Africa stretches from the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa to Mozambique , including Madagascar </Li> <Li> Central Africa is the large mass at the center of Africa which either does not fall squarely into any other region or only partially does so . </Li> <Li> Southern Africa consists of the portion generally south of - 10 \u00b0 latitude and the great rainforests of Congo . </Li> </Ul> <P> This approach is taken , for example , in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa and the regions of the African Union . </P> <H2> Physiographic approach ( edit ) </H2> Satellite image of Africa , showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area <P> Another common approach divides Africa by using features such as landforms , climatic regions , or vegetation types : </P> <Ul> <Li> Nile Valley </Li> <Li> Nile Delta </Li> <Li> Atlas Mountains </Li> <Li> Nubia ( Lower Nubia ) </Li> <Li> The Sahara Desert is the massive but largely empty region in North Africa that contains the world 's largest hot deserts </Li> <Li> The Maghreb is a region of northwest Africa encompassing the coastlands and Atlas Mountains of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia . </Li> <Li> The Sahel region covers a belt of grasslands south of the Sahara stretching from Senegal to Sudan . </Li> <Li> The Sudan region lies just below the Sahel but is slightly more humid and arable . </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea , and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden . It encompasses Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia and Djibouti . </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Highlands ( Roof of Africa ) </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa is the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara . </Li> <Li> The Guinea region is distinguished from the neighboring Sudan region by its rainforests and runs along the Atlantic coast from Guinea to Nigeria . </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Rhodesia ( region ) ( Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia ) </Li> <Li> Mayombe </Li> <Li> The Congo Basin is the rainforest region </Li> <Li> The Chad Basin The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic drainage basin in Africa , centered on Lake Chad . </Li> <Li> East African Rift . The region contains Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda . </Li> <Li> Eastern Rift mountains </Li> <Li> Rift Valley Lakes </Li> <Li> African Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Swahili Coast </Li> <Li> Pepper Coast </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Slave Coast </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Barbary Coast </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Igboland ( Mbaise ) </Li> <Li> Maputaland </Li> </Ul> <H2> Linguistic approach ( edit ) </H2> Map showing the traditional language families represented in Africa : Afroasiatic ( Semitic - Hamitic ) Austronesian ( Malay - Polynesian ) Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo : Bantu Central and Eastern Sudanese Central Bantoid Eastern Bantoid Guinean Mande Western Bantoid Nilo - Saharan : Kanuri Nilotic Songhai Main article : Languages of Africa <H3> By official language ( edit ) </H3> Official languages in Africa <Table> <Tr> <Td> Afrikaans </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Swahili </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> other languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anglophone Africa includes five countries in West Africa ( The Gambia , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ghana , and the most populous African country Nigeria , as well as a part of Cameroon ) that are separated by Francophone countries , South Sudan , and a large continuous area in Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes . </Li> <Li> Arabophone Africa includes the four most populous Arabic - speaking countries ( Egypt , Sudan , Morocco , Algeria ) as well as Tunisia , Mauritania and Chad , and includes a majority of both the population and the area of the Arabic - speaking countries . French has also kept a strong role in the Maghreb countries , though this has receded somewhat with official Arabization . </Li> <Li> Francophone Africa is a continuous area in West Africa and Central Africa , plus Madagascar and Djibouti . </Li> <Li> Lusophone Africa consists of the widely separated countries of Cabo Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Sao Tome and Principe , Angola , and Mozambique . </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea is the only African country where the Spanish language is official , though French and more recently Portuguese have also been added as official languages . </Li> <Li> Swahili is widely used as an inter language in East Africa ; its use for official and educational functions is greatest in Tanzania . </Li> <Li> Ethiopia and Somalia use the Afro - Asiatic Amharic and Somali languages , respectively , as their official languages , although Arabic also serves as a secondary language in Somalia . Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia use the Tigrinya language and Arabic language as working languages . </Li> </Ul> <H3> By indigenous language family ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Niger -- Congo languages and Nilo - Saharan languages are spoken in most of Sub-Saharan Africa . Nilo - Saharan occupies a smaller area but is highly diverse , and may be related as a parent or sibling of Niger -- Congo . </Li> <Li> Afro - Asiatic languages are spoken in North Africa , the Horn of Africa , as well as parts of the Sahel . </Li> <Li> Khoisan languages are spoken in desert areas of Southern Africa , but were formerly spoken over a larger area , and are thought to include two small languages ( Hadza and Sandawe ) in the African Great Lakes . </Li> <Li> Austronesian languages originating from Southeast Asia are spoken in Madagascar . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Investment approach ( edit ) </H2> Investment divisions of Africa . Source : RisCura <P> A slightly less common , but equally important method of division of the continent is by investment factors . For the purposes of investing , Africa is not a single destination with a single set of standardized risk factors and homogeneous potential for reward . Although some high - level similarities are evident , digging into the specifics of certain regions and countries shows that Africa comprises a range of distinct investment destinations , each with its own attractions , flaws , cultural differences and business practices . </P> <P> The investment approach was first developed by global , independent financial analytics provider and investment consultant , RisCura . </P> <Ul> <Li> Maghreb region <Dl> <Dd> Otherwise known as the western portion of Northern Africa , these countries form the Arab Maghreb Union , established in 1989 . The region was established with the goal of functioning as a unified political and economic grouping . Political unrest in the region has stunted progress since its inception but hope still remains that the Union will fulfill its purpose in years to come . Algeria , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco and Tunisia are included in this region . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Egypt and Sudan <Dl> <Dd> Previously united under British rule , these countries still share strong ties , as well as one significant commonality -- the trade facilitation through transport on the Nile River . As Egypt does not fall within the Arab Maghreb Union , it is separated from the rest of North Africa . However , Egypt 's strong economic and cultural ties with the Middle East bring natural trading partners , and it is often seen grouped with the Middle East for investment purposes . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Francophone West Africa <Dl> <Dd> This is a commonly recognized region on the continent , and typically includes Mauritania . However , Mauritania is sometimes allocated to the Maghreb region as it is found to have closer ties to the North African countries . These French - speaking countries share more than just a language . Due to their common history as French colonies , they also share similar legal and socio - political systems . The countries in this group are Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , C\u00f4te d'Ivoire , Guinea , Mali , Niger , S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe , Senegal and Togo . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Nigeria <Dl> <Dd> On its own , Nigeria is the size of the entire Maghreb region on an aggregated - GDP basis . While Nigeria is traditionally grouped with the rest of West Africa , its reliance on the rest of the region is less pronounced , likely as a result of its massive standalone GDP , its access to international markets via its six large ports , and its population of over 170 million people . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> East Africa <Dl> <Dd> This is a combination of the East African Community ( Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi ) , the LAPSSET corridor ( Kenya , South Sudan and Ethiopia ) as well as Djibouti , a crucial link to the Indian Ocean for Ethiopia and South Sudan . Kenya has traditionally headlined this region through consistently generating the largest GDP and acts as the primary route to international trade through the Mombasa port . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Central Africa <Dl> <Dd> This market is the same as that defined by the African Development Bank with the exception of Madagascar , which here is classified as Southern Africa ( ex-SA ) . On a GDP basis ( USD ) and by population , the Central Africa region is on par with the Francophone West African region . Countries included here are Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo , as well as Equatorial Guinea and Gabon . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Southern Africa excluding South Africa ( ex-SA ) <Dl> <Dd> This incorporates countries south of central and eastern Africa , and north of the South African border . The region has support from the most developed economy on the continent from the south , and access to capital coming out of South Africa as large companies look to expand into the rest of the continent . The group comprises Angola ( which offers substantial oil resources ) , Botswana , Comoros , Madagascar , Malawi , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Reunion , Zambia ( substantial supply of copper ) and Zimbabwe . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> South Africa <Dl> <Dd> Like Nigeria , South Africa is a large African economy on a standalone basis . Due to the developed nature of South Africa relative to the rest of the continent , it has not been included in the Southern African region . South Africa boasts the largest GDP per capita of all the regions ( double that of Nigeria ) and is the most advanced investment destination on the continent . The South African market includes Lesotho and Swaziland due to their reliance and proximity to SA . The Swazi lilangeni is pegged to the South African rand , which is also accepted as currency within the country . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Other West Africa <Dl> <Dd> This region includes Ghana , Liberia , Sierra Leone , Guinea - Bissau and The Gambia . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Regions of the African Union </Li> <Li> United Nations geoscheme for Africa </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Africa portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of Module Twenty : Southern Africa '' . Exploring Africa . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Compelling investment markets in Africa -- Inside Riscura 's Bright Africa 2015 Report : Debbie O'Hanlon , Senior Analyst , RisCura ( Infographics ) African Business News African Financial & Economic News '' . African Business Central . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Segmenting Africa into meaningful markets Bright Africa '' . www.riscura.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meaningful African markets for investment '' . Capital Markets in Africa . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UMA '' . www.maghrebarabe.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Is the Arab Spring ? '' . About.com News & Issues . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sudan - Egypt Relations '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trading Peace in Egypt and Israel '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What it takes to succeed in Francophone Africa '' ( PDF ) . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of regions of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire ) </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> Somaliland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Madeira ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France ) </Li> <Li> Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_of_Africa&oldid=846015670 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Regions of Africa </Li> <Li> Africa - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> \u010ce\u0161tina </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 18 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia \u00ae is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "Pom Klementieff - wikipedia <H1> Pom Klementieff </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Pom Klementieff </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Klementieff in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1986 - 05 - 03 ) 3 May 1986 ( age 31 ) Quebec City , Quebec , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pom Klementieff ( born 3 May 1986 ) is a French actress . She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup ( 2009 ) , Sleepless Night ( 2011 ) and Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) . She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada , to a Korean mother and French - Russian father , who was working there as a consul with the French government . She had a brother who committed suicide . Her parents chose the name `` Pom '' because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both `` spring '' ( \ubd04 ) and `` tiger '' ( \ubc94 ) . Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father 's job , and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France . Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a `` gypsy soul '' . </P> <P> Klementieff 's father died of cancer when she was 5 , and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children , so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt . Her uncle , whom she described as `` like my second father '' , died on her 18th birthday . Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle 's death to appease her aunt , but did not find the career path appealing . She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France . She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris . A few months into her education , she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school 's top teachers . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> Klementieff in 2018 <P> Klementieff 's first professional acting job was the French independent film Apr\u00e8s lui ( 2007 ) , portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve . Filming for her scenes took three days . During one scene , Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself , and director Ga\u00ebl Morel kept that shot in the final film . Her first leading role was in Loup ( 2009 ) , a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains . During filming , Klementieff stayed in a camp , hours from the nearest village , where temperatures dropped well below zero . During filming she befriended nomads who lived there , worked with real wolves , rode reindeer , and swam with a horse in a lake . </P> <P> Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee 's Oldboy ( 2013 ) , a remake of the South Korean film of the same name . She portrayed Haeng - Bok , the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley . A fan of the original film , Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee , a producer with the remake , and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts . After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition , Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make - up , like her character in the film . She contributed some of her own clothes to the character 's wardrobe , and trained three hours a day for two months for an on - screen fight with star Josh Brolin . Klementieff came up with the name Haeng - Bok , Korean for `` happiness '' , herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character . </P> <P> Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions . She continued taekwondo after the film , and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014 . Her next acting role was the film Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) , in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film , and due to the movie 's low budget , she had to do her own make - up and chose her own wardrobe . It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role , to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced . She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Apr\u00e8s lui </Td> <Td> Emilie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Easy Way </Td> <Td> NHI </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Loup </Td> <Td> Nastazya </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Pigalle , la nuit </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> TV series ( eight episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Borderline </Td> <Td> Naomi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Sleepless Night </Td> <Td> Lucy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Delicacy </Td> <Td> Waitress </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Love Lasts Three Years </Td> <Td> Julia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Silhouettes </Td> <Td> Valerie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Radiostars </Td> <Td> The pizza girl </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Porn in the Hood </Td> <Td> Tia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> \u00c0 l'ombre du palmier </Td> <Td> Le mod\u00e8le </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> El Turrrf </Td> <Td> Pom </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Paris \u00e0 tout prix </Td> <Td> Jess </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Oldboy </Td> <Td> Haeng - Bok </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> RossFit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Hacker 's Game </Td> <Td> Loise </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Seed </Td> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ingrid Goes West </Td> <Td> Harley Chung </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Newness </Td> <Td> Bethany </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> Mantis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Alteration </Td> <Td> Elsa </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Avengers : Infinity War </Td> <Td> Mantis </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> Untitled Avengers film </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qui es - tu Pom Klementieff ? / Who are you Pom Klementieff ? '' . Premi\u00e8re ( in French ) . France . 7 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Additional WebCitation archive on 1 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klementieff , Pom ( @ pomklementieff ) ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` I 'm French . NOT Canadian - French '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee 's Oldboy '' . Filler Magazine . 2 ( 5 ) . Summer 2014 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Han , Steve ( November 2013 ) . `` Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in ' Oldboy ' Remake '' . KoreAm . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . So I told ( filmmaker Spike Lee ) , my father died when I was 5 . My mother , she is schizophrenic , so she could n't take care of me and my brother , who committed suicide a few months before the audition ( for Lee 's remake of Oldboy ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chang , Mina ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` Q&A with Pom Klementieff '' . Anthem Magazine . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : De Ville , Reece ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Oldboy 's ass kicking , earth moving Pom Klementieff '' . TheDigitalFix.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 28 January 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pom Klementieff on IMDb </Li> <Li> Pom Klementieff at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Pettit , Stephanie ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Meet Pom Klementieff , the Actress Behind the Buzzed - About New Character Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . People . 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    "document_text": "Frosty the Snowman ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Frosty the Snowman ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Frosty the Snowman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> DVD cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> `` Frosty the Snowman '' by Steve Nelson Jack Rollins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Romeo Muller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jules Bass Arthur Rankin , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Billy De Wolfe Jackie Vernon Paul Frees June Foray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Jimmy Durante </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Maury Laws </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jules Bass Arthur Rankin , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 25 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rankin / Bass Productions Mushi Production ( animation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> DreamWorks Classics NBCUniversal Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> December 7 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Frosty 's Winter Wonderland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 animated Christmas television special based on the song `` Frosty the Snowman '' . The program , which first aired on December 7 , 1969 on CBS ( where it continues to air annually ) , was produced for television by Rankin / Bass Productions and featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the film 's narrator ( Durante 's final performance in a film ) and Jackie Vernon as the title character . </P> <P> Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card , so Paul Coker , Jr. , a greeting card and Mad magazine artist , was hired to do the character and background drawings . The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Japan , with then - Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki among the animation staff . </P> <P> Rankin / Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television as he had done with Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . </P> <P> TV Guide ranked the special number 4 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Voice cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production credits </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Television rights </Li> <Li> 6 Home media <Ul> <Li> 6.1 VHS and LaserDisc </Li> <Li> 6.2 DVD and Blu - ray </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequels </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> One December afternoon , a little girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after a class Christmas party at school . After several suggestions of what to call their snowman ( including `` Oatmeal '' and `` Christopher Columbus '' ) , Karen decides to name him `` Frosty . '' Later , the children acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle . Karen places the hat on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman comes to life ( and always says `` Happy Birthday ! '' in response ) . When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses , he takes it back and departs , pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life . However , the professor 's pet rabbit , Hocus Pocus , returns the hat to Frosty and the children . </P> <P> Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting away . The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole , where he will never melt , and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station , where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song 's lyrics . When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and does n't know what a traffic light or a lamp post is , the traffic cop lets Frosty go . At the train station , Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car , since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket . As the train is about to leave the station , Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company . With that , Frosty , Karen , and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off . Unbeknownst to them , Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the train , intending to get his hat back . </P> <P> As the train continues up north , however , Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold , so they jump off the train , leaving Hinkle behind once again . Hinkle , seeing them escape , jumps off the train too , but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him . At Frosty 's request , Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen . Fearing that Karen still can not survive for long in the cold weather , Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them . Hocus suggests ( by pantomiming ) the President of the United States and the United States Marines , before suggesting Santa Claus . Frosty agrees , and promptly takes credit for the idea himself ( much to Hocus ' annoyance ) . Hocus hops off to get Santa , but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen 's campfire . Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee , this time with Karen riding on Frosty 's back as he slides head - first down a hill . At the bottom of the slope , Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias . Despite Karen 's objections , Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her , suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up . Unfortunately , an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse . </P> <P> Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle 's cruel act . Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow , and that he can never completely disappear , only take the form of summer rain , until next December . With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door , the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form . Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life , as Hocus arrives with the hat , Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat . He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa 's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat . Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty , and if he goes home and writes `` I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty '' a hundred zillion times , he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning , which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies , assuming he may get a new hat . Finally , Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman returns to life again . After celebrating , Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole , but promises that Frosty will be back next winter . </P> <P> The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead , singing the `` Frosty the Snowman '' song . Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle , who is proudly wearing his new top hat . At the end of the parade , Frosty gets back into Santa 's waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole , with Frosty proclaiming , `` I 'll be back on Christmas Day ! '' </P> <H2> Voice cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jackie Vernon as Frosty </Li> <Li> Jimmy Durante as himself ( Narrator ) </Li> <Li> June Foray as Karen ( original airing ) , schoolteacher , and Karen 's friends ( original airing ) </Li> <Li> Suzanne Davidson as Karen ( later airings , uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle </Li> <Li> Paul Frees as the traffic cop , ticket man , and Santa Claus </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production credits ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Produced and Directed by Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass </Li> <Li> Written by Romeo Muller </Li> <Li> Based on the Original Song by Steve Nelson , Jack Rollins \u00a9 1951 Hill - Range Songs </Li> <Li> Production Designer : Paul Coker , Jr . </Li> <Li> Continuity Designer : Don Duga </Li> <Li> Animation Production by Mushi Studio </Li> <Li> Supervising Director : Steve Nakagawa </Li> <Li> Animation Director : Osamu Dezaki ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Animation : Akio Sugino , Sadao Miyamoto ( both uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Music Composed and Directed by Maury Laws </Li> <Li> Sound Effects Engineers : Jim Harris , Phil Kaye </Li> <Li> Supervising Film Editing : Irwin Goldress </Li> </Ul> <P> \u00a9 1969 Videocraft International Limited </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> CD cover <P> Released by Rhino on October 1 , 2002 , the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the Rankin / Bass special produced in 1970 . This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials . </P> <P> The track listing is as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Medley : Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ... Be Prepared To Pay 25 : 18 </Li> <Li> Medley : Put One Foot In Front Of The Other ... Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( finale ) 24 : 55 </Li> <Li> Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Beginning ) 13 : 45 </Li> <Li> Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Conclusion ) 11 : 48 </Li> <Li> Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 50 </Li> <Li> Frosty The Snowman ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 04 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Television rights ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program ( under license from the current copyright holder , Universal Television , and still airs it yearly with the CBS - produced sequel Frosty Returns ( see below ) . The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada . The special also airs on Freeform in some territories . However , CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty 's Winter Wonderland ( that special currently airs on Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas each year ) , which prompted CBS to produce its own `` sequel '' of sorts , Frosty Returns ( see below ) . </P> <H2> Home Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> VHS and LaserDisc ( edit ) </H3> <P> Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993 , with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s . It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992 . Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases , the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special , A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992 . In 1998 , Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS , and also paired it with these other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets . </P> <H3> DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) </H3> <P> The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004 , and by Genius Entertainment in 2007 . Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu - ray on October 12 , 2010 , and on the DVD / Blu - ray combo pack on November 6 , 2012 . Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns . On September 8 , 2015 , Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on Blu - ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer in 2014 . </P> <H2> Sequels ( edit ) </H2> <P> Frosty returned in several sequels : </P> <Ul> <Li> Frosty 's Winter Wonderland -- This 1976 sequel by Rankin / Bass was also written by Romeo Muller . Narration is provided by Andy Griffith ( Durante had suffered a stroke that had forced his retirement in 1972 and eventually killed him ) . Jackie Vernon once again reprised his role as the voice of Frosty . Animation is produced by Topcraft in Japan . Unlike the original , the sequel takes place later in the winter season and is based upon the 1934 song `` Winter Wonderland ; '' it features Frosty 's pursuit of a wife and efforts to preserve him into the springtime . Furthermore , it makes no mention whatsoever of Christmas ; in fact it could be considered more a `` winter solstice '' special than a Christmas special as it celebrates the season of winter . </Li> <Li> Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July -- This 1979 Rankin / Bass feature - length sequel was filmed in `` Animagic '' stop - motion animation in the style of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph 's Shiny New Year . While the Frosty specials were 30 minutes long , and the Rudolph specials were 60 minutes , this ambitious special was feature length , at 97 minutes long ( 120 minutes on television , including commercials ) . Vernon once again played the role of Frosty , in his last time for Rankin / Bass playing the voice of Frosty . This film features Frosty and his family as supporting characters . This is the only other Frosty cartoon to mention Christmas or Santa Claus in addition to the 1969 original . </Li> <Li> Frosty Returns -- This 1992 half - hour special is not truly a sequel to the 1969 classic , as it was produced not by Rankin / Bass but by CBS . The characters , setting , voices and animation ( by Bill Melendez ) are vastly different . Despite this , it is shown with the original special every year on CBS and was even included as a bonus on its DVD release . John Goodman provides the voice of Frosty in this special , and Jonathan Winters serves as narrator . Frosty 's appearance is physically different , his personality and humor have changed , and he has the ability to live without his top hat , in direct contrast with the original and its other sequels . Also in contrast to the original specials , the special avoids all mention of Christmas ( despite the special portraying the beginning of winter ) and has an environmentalist theme , as Frosty works to stop a corporate executive whose product wipes out snow packs with one spray . </Li> <Li> The Legend of Frosty the Snowman -- This 2005 straight - to - video film was produced by Classic Media , the previous rights holder for the original Rankin / Bass special , and the remainder of their pre-1974 library . This movie has been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin / Bass special and the CBS sequel , and has also aired on Cartoon Network . The appearance of Frosty resembles much more the Rankin / Bass character design from their original animation , and Professor Hinkle returns in two cameo appearances -- shown in a picture and flashback . Frosty is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , best known as the voice of Patrick Star on SpongeBob SquarePants . And it , like Frosty Returns and Frosty 's Winter Wonderland , also never mentions anything to do with Christmas whatsoever . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 574 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frosty the Snowman ( film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Holiday Central at CBS.com </Li> <Li> Frosty the Snowman on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Christmas portal </Li> <Li> film portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> Japan portal </Li> <Li> 1960s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rankin / Bass Productions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Return to Oz </Li> <Li> Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer </Li> <Li> The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show </Li> <Li> The Ballad of Smokey the Bear </Li> <Li> Cricket on the Hearth </Li> <Li> Mouse on the Mayflower </Li> <Li> The Little Drummer Boy </Li> <Li> Frosty the Snowman </Li> <Li> The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians </Li> <Li> Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town </Li> <Li> Here Comes Peter Cottontail </Li> <Li> The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes </Li> <Li> Mad Mad Mad Monsters </Li> <Li> Willie Mays and the Say - 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    "document_text": "History of the Acadians - wikipedia <H1> History of the Acadians </H1> Not to be confused with History of Acadia . Acadian flag <P> The Acadians ( French : Acadiens ) are the descendants of the French settlers , and sometimes the Indigenous peoples , of parts of Acadia ( French : Acadie ) in the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island , Gasp\u00e9 , in Quebec , and to the Kennebec River in southern Maine . </P> <P> The history of the Acadians was significantly influenced by the six colonial wars that took place in Acadia during the 17th and 18th century ( see the four French and Indian Wars , Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . Eventually , the last of the colonial wars -- the French and Indian War -- resulted in the British Expulsion of the Acadians from the region . After the war , many Acadians came out of hiding or returned to Acadia from the British Colonies . Others remained in France and some migrated from there to Louisiana , where they became known as Cajuns , a corruption of the word Acadiens or Acadians . The nineteenth century saw the beginning of the Acadian Renaissance and the publication of Evangeline , which helped galvanize Acadian identity . In the last century Acadians have made achievements in the areas of equal language and cultural rights as a minority group in the Maritime provinces of Canada . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 As French colonials <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Port Royal Habitation ( 1604 - 1613 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Arrival of the first European families </Li> <Li> 1.3 Civil war </Li> <Li> 1.4 English colony ( 1654 -- 1667 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Post Treaty of Breda </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Colonial Wars <Ul> <Li> 2.1 French and Indian War <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Acadian and Mi'kmaq resistance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Re-establishing in Nova Scotia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Nineteenth century <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Acadian renaissance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Twentieth century <Ul> <Li> 4.1 The Quiet Revolution </Li> <Li> 4.2 Antonine Maillet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Twenty - first century <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Acadian Remembrance Day </Li> <Li> 5.2 Acadian World Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> As French colonials ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Port Royal Habitation ( 1604 - 1613 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Habitation at Port - Royal Portrait of Captain Samuel Argall <P> Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Monts built the Habitation at Port - Royal in 1605 as a replacement for his initial attempt at colonizing Saint Croix Island ( present day Maine ) . The trading monopoly of de Monts was cancelled in 1607 , and most of the French settlers returned to France , although some remained with the natives . Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint - Just led a second expedition to Port Royal in 1610 . </P> <H3> Arrival of the first European families ( edit ) </H3> <P> The survival of the Acadian settlements was based on successful cooperation with the Indigenous peoples of the region . In the early years of Acadian settlement , this included a small number of recorded marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women . Some records have survived showing marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women in formal Roman Catholic rites , for example , the marriage of Charles La Tour to a Mi'kmaw woman in 1626 . There were also reported instances of Acadian settlers marrying Indigenous spouses according to Mi'kmaq rites , and subsequently living in Mi'kmaq communities . Many settlers also brought French wives with them to Acadia , such as La Tour 's second wife , Fran\u00e7oise - Marie Jacquelin , who joined him in Acadia in 1640 . </P> <P> Governor Isaac de Razilly 's administration at LaHave , Nova Scotia , prepared the ground for the arrival of the first recorded migrant families on board the Saint Jehan , which left La Rochelle on 1 April 1636 . There were a number of sailings from the French Atlantic Coast to Acadia between 1632 and 1636 , but this is the only one for which a detailed passenger list has survived . Nicolas Denys , who was stationed across the LaHave River at Port Rossingol ( Liverpool Bay ) , acted as agent for the Saint Jehan . After a 35 - day crossing of the Atlantic , the Saint Jehan arrived on 6 May 1636 at LaHave , Nova Scotia . There were seventy - eight passengers and eighteen crew members . With this ship , Acadia began a slow shift from being primarily a matter of explorers and traders , of men , to a colony of permanent settlers , including women and children . While the presence of European women is a signal that settlement was seriously contemplated , there were yet so few of them in this group of migrants that they did not immediately affect the status of Acadia as basically a colony of European transients . By the end of the year , the migrants were moved from LaHave and re-established at Port Royal . At Port Royal in 1636 , Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau , who had arrived on the Saint Jehan , were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia . The first - born child was Mathieu Martin . In part because of this distinction , Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneury of Cobequid ( 1699 ) . </P> <P> Kennedy ( 2014 ) argues that the emigrants from the Vienne region of France carried to Acadia their customs and social structure . They were frontier people , who dispersed their settlements based on kinship . They optimized use of farmland and emphasized trading for a profit . They were hierarchical and politically active . The French and the Acadian villages were similar in terms of prosperity , egalitarianism , and independent - mindedness . Kennedy says the emergence of a distinct Acadian identity emerged from the gradual adaptation of traditional French methods , institutions , and ideas to the North American environmental and political situations . </P> <H3> Civil War ( edit ) </H3> Siege of St. John ( 1645 ) - d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia Main article : Acadian Civil War <P> With the death of Isaac de Razilly , Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war ( 1640 -- 1645 ) . Acadia had two legitimate Lieutenant Governors . The war was between Port Royal , where Governor Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay was stationed , and present - day Saint John , New Brunswick , where Governor Charles de Saint - \u00c9tienne de la Tour was stationed . </P> <P> In the war , there were four major battles . La Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640 . In response to the attack , D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five - month blockade of La Tour 's fort at Saint John , which La Tour eventually defeated ( 1643 ) . La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643 . D'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John . After d'Aulnay died ( 1650 ) , La Tour re-established himself in Acadia . </P> <H3> English colony ( 1654 -- 1667 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1654 , war between France and England broke out . Led by Major Robert Sedgwick , a flotilla from Boston , under orders from Cromwell , arrived in Acadia to chase the French out . The flotilla seized La Tour 's fort , then Port - Royal . La Tour , nevertheless , managed to find himself in England , where , with the support of John Kirke , succeeded in receiving from Cromwell a part of Acadia , along with Sir Thomas Temple . La Tour returned to Cap - de-Sable where he remained until his death in 1666 at the age of 70 . </P> <P> During the English occupation of Acadia , Jean - Baptiste Colbert , Louis XIV 's minister , forbade the Acadians from returning to France . As a result of the English occupation , no new French families settled in Acadia between 1654 and 1670 . </P> <H3> Post Treaty of Breda ( edit ) </H3> Marker commemorating the Dutch conquest of Acadia ( 1674 ) , which they renamed New Holland . This is the spot where Jurriaen Aernoutsz buried a bottle at the capital of Acadia , Fort Pentagouet , Castine , Maine . <P> The Treaty of Breda , signed 31 July 1667 , returned Acadia to France . A year later , Marillon du Bourg arrived to take possession of the territory for France . The son of LeBorgne , Alexandre LeBorgne , was named provisionary governor and lieutenant - general of Acadia . He married Marie Motin - La Tour , the eldest child of the marriage between La Tour and d'Aulnay's widow . </P> <P> In 1670 , the new governor of Acadia , the chevalier Hubert d'Andigny , chevalier de Grandfontaine , was responsible for the first census undertaken in Acadia . The results did not include those Acadians living with local First Nations . It revealed that there were approximately sixty Acadian families with approximately 300 inhabitants in total . These inhabitants were predominantly engaged in aboiteau farming along the shores of the present day Bay of Fundy . No serious attempt was made to increase the population of Acadia . </P> <P> In the spring of 1671 , more than fifty colonists left La Rochelle aboard the l'Oranger . Others arrived from Canada ( New France ) or were retired soldiers . During this time , a number of colonists married with the local First Nations . Some of the first to marry were Charles de Saint - \u00c9tienne de La Tour , Martin , Pierr\u00e9 Lejeune -- Briard , Jehan Lambert , Petitpas and Guidry . The capitan , Vincent de Saint - Castin , the commander at Pentagoet , married Marie Pidikiwamiska , the daughter of an Abenakis chief . </P> <P> In 1674 , the Dutch briefly conquered Acadia , renaming the colony New Holland . </P> <P> During the last decades of the seventeenth century , Acadians migrated from the capital , Port Royal , and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements before the Expulsion of the Acadians : Grand Pr\u00e9 , Chignecto , Cobequid and Pisiguit . Although not common , on occasion epidemics ravished the population of Ile St. - Jean , Ile Royale and Acadia . In 1732 / 33 more than 150 people died of smallpox on Ile Royale . </P> <P> The history of the settlers of Ile St. - Jean prior to the expulsion includes extreme hardship . For almost every good harvest year it seems that there was one in which crops failed . In one or two instances widespread fires destroyed crops , livestock and farms . Famine and starvation were common and frequently occasioned desperate pleas for supplies from Louisbourg , Qu\u00e9bec and even France itself . In 1756 , famine on Ile St. - Jean prompted authorities to relocate some families to Qu\u00e9bec . </P> <P> Prior to the founding of Halifax ( 1749 ) , Port Royal / Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for most of the previous 150 years . During that time the British made six attempts to conquer Acadia by defeating the capital . They finally defeated the French in the Siege of Port Royal ( 1710 ) . Over the following fifty years , the French and their allies made six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital . </P> <H2> Colonial wars ( edit ) </H2> Acadians at Annapolis Royal by Samuel Scott , 1751 ; earliest known image of Acadians Main article : Military history of the Acadians <P> There was already a long history of Acadian and Wabanaki Confederacy resistance to the British occupation of Acadia during the four French and Indian Wars and two local wars ( Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) before the Expulsion of the Acadians . The Mi'kmaq and the Acadians were allies through Catholicism and through numerous inter-marriages . The Mi'kmaq held the military strength in Acadia even after the conquest of 1710 . They primarily resisted the British occupation of Acadia and were joined in their efforts on numerous occasions by Acadians . </P> <P> While many Acadians traded with the New England Protestants , Acadians ' participation in the wars clearly indicated that many were reluctant to be ruled by the British . During the first colonial war , King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) , the crews of the very successful French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste were primarily Acadian . The Acadians resisted during the Raid on Chignecto ( 1696 ) . During Queen Anne 's War , Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted during the Raid on Grand Pr\u00e9 , Piziquid and Chignecto in 1704 . The Acadians also assisted the French in protecting the capital in the Siege of Port Royal ( 1707 ) and the final Conquest of Acadia . The Acadians and Mi'kmaq were also successful in the Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1711 ) . </P> Acadians by Samuel Scott , Annapolis Royal , 1751 <P> During Father Rale 's War , the Maliseet raided numerous vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi'kmaq engaged in the Raid on Canso , Nova Scotia ( 1723 ) . In the latter engagement , the Mi'kmaq were aided by Acadians . During King George 's War , Abbe Jean - Louis Le Loutre led many efforts which involved both Acadians and Mi'kmaq to recapture the capital such as the Siege of Annapolis Royal ( 1744 ) . During this siege , French officer Marin had taken British prisoners and stopped with them further up the bay at Cobequid . While at Cobequid , an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have `` left their ( the English ) carcasses behind and brought their skins '' . Le Loutre was also joined by prominent Acadian resistance leader Joseph Broussard ( Beausoleil ) . Broussard and other Acadians were involved in supporting the French soldiers in the Battle of Grand Pr\u00e9 . </P> <P> During Father Le Loutre 's War , the conflict continued . The Mi'kmaq attacked New England Rangers in the Siege of Grand Pr\u00e9 and Battle at St. Croix . Upon the founding of Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Broussard and the Mi'kmaq conducted numerous raids on the village , such as the Raid on Dartmouth ( 1751 ) , to try to stop the Protestant migration into Nova Scotia . ( Similarly , during the French and Indian War , Mi'kmaq , Acadians and Maliseet also engaged in numerous raids on Lunenburg , Nova Scotia , to stop the migration , such as the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ) . ) Le Loutre and Broussard also worked together to resist the British occupation of Chignecto ( 1750 ) and then later they fought together with Acadians in the Battle of Beausejour ( 1755 ) . ( As early as the summer of 1751 , La Valiere reported , approximately 250 Acadians had already enrolled in the local militia at Fort Beausejour . ) </P> <P> When Charles Lawrence took over the post following Hopson 's return to England , he took a stronger stance . He was not only a government official but a military leader for the region . Lawrence came up with a military solution for the forty - five years of an unsettled British conquest of Acadia . The French and Indian War ( and Seven Years ' War in Europe ) began in 1754 . Lawrence 's primary objectives in Acadia were to defeat the French fortifications at Beausejour and Louisbourg . The British saw many Acadians as a military threat in their allegiance to the French and Mi'kmaq . The British also wanted to interrupt the Acadian supply lines to Fortress Louisbourg , which , in turn , supplied the Mi'kmaq . </P> <H3> French and Indian War ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Great Upheaval St. John River Campaign : Raid on Grimrose ( present day Gagetown , New Brunswick ) . This is the only contemporaneous image of the Expulsion of the Acadians . <P> The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710 . Over the next forty - five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain . During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour . During the French and Indian War , the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia . </P> <P> Many Acadians might have signed an unconditional oath to the British monarchy had the circumstances been better , while other Acadians did not sign because they were clearly anti-British . For the Acadians who might have signed an unconditional oath , there were numerous reasons why they did not . The difficulty was partly religious , in that the British monarch was the head of the ( Protestant ) Church of England . Another significant issue was that an oath might commit male Acadians to fight against France during wartime . A related concern was whether their Mi'kmaq neighbours might perceive this as acknowledging the British claim to Acadia rather than the Mi'kmaq . As a result , signing an unconditional oath might have put Acadian villages in danger of attack from Mi'kmaq . </P> <P> In the Grand D\u00e9rangement ( the Great Upheaval ) , more than 12,000 Acadians ( three - fourths of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia ) were expelled from the colony between 1755 and 1764 . The British destroyed around 6,000 Acadian houses and dispersed the Acadians among the 13 colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia . The single event that involved the most deaths of Acadians was the sinking of the Duke William . Although there were no purposeful attempts to separate families , this did occur in the chaos of the eviction . </P> Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) Acadian and Mi'kmaq resistance ( edit ) Marquis de Boish\u00e9bert - Charles Deschamps de Boish\u00e9bert et de Raffetot ( 1753 ) <P> With the Expulsion of the Acadians during the French and Indian War , the Mi'kmaq and Acadian resistance intensified . After the Expulsion began , much of the resistance was led by Charles Deschamps de Boish\u00e9bert et de Raffetot . The Acadians and Mi'kmaq again engaged victoriously in the Battle of Petitcodiac ( 1755 ) and the Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1757 ) . Acadians who were being deported from Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia , on the ship Pembroke defeated the British crew and sailed to land . There was also resistance during the St. John River Campaign . Boishebert also ordered the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ) . In the spring of 1756 , a wood - gathering party from Fort Monckton ( former Fort Gaspareaux ) , was ambushed and nine of them were scalped . </P> <P> In the April 1757 , a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near Fort Edward , killing thirteen British soldiers and , after taking what provisions they could carry , setting fire to the building . A few days later , the same partisans also raided Fort Cumberland . </P> <P> Some Acadians escaped into the woods and lived with the Mi'kmaq ; some bands of partisans fought the British , including a group led by Joseph Broussard , known as `` Beausoleil '' , along the Petitcodiac River of New Brunswick . Some followed the coast northward , facing famine and disease . Some were recaptured , facing deportation or imprisonment at Fort Beausejour ( renamed Fort Cumberland ) until 1763 . </P> <P> Some Acadians became indentured servants in the British colonies . Massachusetts passed a law in November 1755 placing the Acadians under the custody of `` justices of the peace and overseers of the poor '' ; Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Connecticut adopted similar laws . The Province of Virginia under Robert Dinwiddie initially agreed to resettle about one thousand Acadians who arrived in the colony but later ordered most deported to England , writing that the `` French people '' were `` intestine enemies '' that were `` murdering and scalping our frontier Settlers '' . </P> <P> In 1758 , after the fall of Louisbourg , over 3,000 Acadians were deported to northern France . Resettlement attempts were tried in Ch\u00e2tellerault , Nantes , and Belle \u00cele off Brittany . The French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon near Newfoundland became a safe harbor for many Acadian families until they were once again deported by the British in 1778 and 1793 . </P> <H3> Re-establishing in Nova Scotia ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , Acadians were allowed to return to Nova Scotia as long as they did not settle in any one area in large numbers ; they were not permitted to resettle in the areas of Port Royal or Grand - Pr\u00e9 . Some Acadians resettled along the Nova Scotia coast and remain scattered across Nova Scotia to this day . Many dispersed Acadians looked for other homes . Beginning in 1764 , groups of Acadians began to arrive in Louisiana ( which had passed to Spanish control in 1762 ) . They eventually became known as Cajuns . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1770s , many Acadians were encouraged to return through the policies of Nova Scotia Governor Michael Francklin , who guaranteed Catholic worship , land grants and issued a promise that there would be no second expulsion ( At this time , Nova Scotia included present - day New Brunswick ) . However the fertile Acadian dykelands had been resettled by New England Planters , who were soon followed by Loyalists who further occupied former Acadian lands . Returning Acadians and those families who had escaped expulsion had to settle in other parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick , in most cases isolated and infertile lands . The new Acadian settlements were forced to focus more on fishery and later forestry . </P> <P> Milestones of Acadian return and resettlement included : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1767 St. Pierre et Miquelon </Li> <Li> 1772 census </Li> <Li> 1774 Founding of Saint - Anne 's church ; the Acadian school at Rustico and the abby Jean - Louis Beaubien ; the Trappistines in Tracadie </Li> <Li> 1785 Displacement from Fort Sainte - Anne to the upper Saint John River valley ( Madawaska ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Nineteenth century ( edit ) </H2> <P> Milestones of Acadian return and resettlement included : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jean - Mand\u00e9 Sigogne ( 6 April 1763 -- 9 November 1844 ) was a French Catholic priest , who moved to Canada after the Revolution and became known for his missionary work among the Acadians of Nova Scotia . </Li> <Li> 1836 Simon d'Entremont and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Robichaud , MLAs in N.S. </Li> <Li> 1846 Amand Landry , MLA in N.B. </Li> <Li> 1847 , Longfellow publishes Evangeline </Li> <Li> 1854 , Stanislaw - Francois Poirier , MLA in P.E.I </Li> <Li> 1854 , the seminary Saint - Thomas in Memramcook , New Brunswick , becomes the first upper - level school for Acadians </Li> <Li> 1859 , the first history of Acadia is published in French by Edme Rameau de Saint - P\u00e8re ; Acadians begin to become aware of their own existence </Li> </Ul> <H3> Acadian Renaissance ( edit ) </H3> Le Moniteur Acadien - first Acadian newspaper ( 1867 ) <Ul> <Li> 1864 founding of the Farmers ' Bank of Rustico , the earliest known community bank in Canada , under the leadership of Rev. Georges - Antoine Belcourt </Li> <Li> 1867 , first Acadian newspaper , Le Moniteur Acadien ( The Acadian Monitor ) is published by Isra\u00ebl Landry </Li> <Li> 1871 , Common Schools Act of 1871 prohibiting the teaching of religion in the classroom </Li> <Li> 1875 , the death of Louis Mailloux , 19 years old , in Caraquet by government forces only stokes Acadian nationalism </Li> <Li> 1880 , the Society of Saint John the Baptiste invites Francophones from all over North America to a congress in Quebec City </Li> <Li> July 20 -- 21 , 1881 , Acadian leaders organize the first Acadian National Convention in Memramcook , New Brunswick , which had for its goal to take care of the general interests of the Acadian population . More than 5,000 Acadians participated in the convention . It was decided that August 15 , the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary , would be chosen to celebrate Acadian culture as National Acadian Day . Other debates at the convention centered around education , agriculture , emigration , colonization , and newspapers , and these same issues would arise at subsequent conventions . </Li> <Li> At the second convention , on August 15 , 1884 , in Miscouche , Prince Edward Island , the Acadian flag , an anthem - Ave Maris Stella , and a motto - L'union fait la force were adopted . </Li> <Li> 1885 , John A. Macdonald nominates Pascal Poirier from Shediac as the first Acadian senator ; a second Acadian newspaper published , Le Courrier des Provinces Maritimes </Li> <Li> 1887 , the newspaper L'Evang\u00e9line begins being published from Digby , later , in 1905 , moves to Moncton </Li> <Li> 1890 , third Acadian convention </Li> </Ul> <H2> Twentieth century ( edit ) </H2> <P> Milestones of the Acadian Renaissance </P> <Ul> <Li> 1912 , Monsigneur Edouard LeBlanc is the first Acadian bishop in The Maritimes </Li> <Li> 1917 , the Conservative Aubin - Edmond Arsenault becomes the first Acadian premier of P.E.I. </Li> <Li> 1920 , 2nd Acadian bishop , Mgr Alexandre Chiasson in Chatham and later Bathurst ; la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nationale de l'Assomption undertakes a campaign to build a commemorative church in Grand - Pr\u00e9 , Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> 1923 , Pierre - Jean V\u00e9niot becomes the first Acadian premier of N.B. but was not elected </Li> <Li> 1936 , the first Caisse Populaire Acadien in Petit - Rocher is founded ; the committee France - Acadie is founded </Li> <Li> 1955 , the first Tintamarre occurs . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> An Acadian home along Cabot Trail , Cape Breton , Nova Scotia , 1938 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An Acadian lady spinning wool , 1938 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An Acadian lady making a rug , 1938 </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> The quiet revolution ( edit ) </H3> <P> Louis Robichaud , popularly known as `` P'tit - Louis '' , was the first elected Acadian Premier of New Brunswick , serving from 1960 to 1970 . First elected to the legislature in 1952 , he became provincial Liberal leader in 1958 and led his party to victory in 1960 , 1963 , and 1967 . </P> <P> Robichaud modernized the province 's hospitals and public schools and introduced a wide range of reforms in an era that became known as the quiet revolution . To carry out these reforms , Robichaud restructured the municipal tax regime , expanded the government and sought to ensure that the quality of health care , education and social services was the same across the province -- a programme he called equal opportunity , is still a buzzword in New Brunswick . </P> <P> Critics accused of Robichaud 's government of `` robbing Peter to pay Pierre '' with the assumption being that rich municipalities were Anglophone ones and poor municipalities were Francophone ones . While it was true that the wealthier municipalities were predominantly in certain English - speaking areas , areas with significantly inferior services were to be found across the province in all municipalities . </P> <P> Robichaud was instrumental in the formation of New Brunswick 's only French - speaking university , the Universit\u00e9 de Moncton , in 1963 , which serves the Acadian population of the Maritime provinces . </P> <P> His government also passed an act in 1969 making New Brunswick officially bilingual . `` Language rights '' , he said when he introduced the legislation , `` are more than legal rights . They are precious cultural rights , going deep into the revered past and touching the historic traditions of all our people . '' </P> <P> 1977 , official opening of the Acadian Historic Village in Caraquet , New Brunswick . </P> <H3> Antonine Maillet ( edit ) </H3> <P> Born 1929 in Bouctouche , Antonine Maillet is an Acadian novelist , playwright , and scholar . Maillet received a BA and MA from the Universit\u00e9 de Moncton , followed by a Ph. D. in literature in 1970 from the Universit\u00e9 Laval . Maillet won the 1972 Governor General 's Award for Fiction for Don l'Orignal . In 1979 , Maillet published P\u00e9lagie - la - Charrette , for which she won the prix Goncourt . Maillet 's character `` La Sagouine '' ( from her book of the same name ) is the inspiration for `` Le Pays de la Sagouine '' in her hometown of Bouctouche . </P> <H2> Twenty - first century ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2003 , at the request of Acadian representatives , a proclamation was issued in the name of Queen Elizabeth II , acting as the Canadian monarch , officially acknowledging the deportation and establishing July 28 as a day of commemoration . The day of commemoration is observed by the Government of Canada , as the successor of the British Government . </P> <H3> Acadian remembrance day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des Associations de Familles Acadiennnes of New Brunswick and the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Saint - Thomas d'Aquin of Prince Edward Island has resolved that December 13 each year shall be commemorated as `` Acadian Remembrance Day '' in remembrance of all Acadians who died as a result of the deportation . The date December 13 was chosen to commemorate the sinking of the Duke William and the nearly 2000 Acadians deported from \u00cele - Saint Jean who perished in the North Atlantic from hunger , disease and drowning in 1758 . The event has been commemorated annually since 2004 and participants mark the event by wearing a black star . </P> <H3> Acadian World Congress ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning in 1994 , the Acadian community gathered for an Acadian World Congress in New Brunswick . The congress has been held every 5 years since then : in Louisiana in 1999 , in Nova Scotia in 2004 , in the Acadian Peninsula of New Brunswick in 2009 . The 5th Acadian World Congress was hosted in 2014 by a gathering of 40 different communities located in three different provinces and different states in two countries . Northwestern New Brunswick and T\u00e9miscouata , Quebec , in Canada as well as Northern Maine in the United States joined hands to host the 5th CMA . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ For information of m\u00e9tis Acadians see : John Parmenter and Mark Power Robison . The Perils and possibilities of wartime neutrality on the edges of empire : Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America , 1744 - 1760 . Diplomatic History . Vol. 31 , No. 2 ( April 2007 ) , p. 182 ; Faragher , A Great and Noble Scheme , 35 - 48 , 146 - 67 , 179 - 81 , 203 , 271 - 77 ; Daniel Paul , We were not the savages : Micmac perspectives on the collision o European and Aboriginal Civilizations. 1993 . 38 - 67 , 86 , 97 - 104 ; Plank , Unsettled Conquest , 23 - 39 , 70 - 98 , 111 - 14 , 122 - 38 ; Mark Power Robison , Maritime frontiers : The evolution of empire ni Nova Scotia , 1713 - 1758 ( Ph. D. diss . University of Colorado at Boulder , 2000 ) , 53 - 84 ; William Wicken , `` 26 Augusts 1726 : A case study in Mi'kmaq - New England Relationships in the Early 18th Century '' Acadiensis XXIII , No. 1 . ( Autumn , 1995 ) : 20 - 21 ; William Wicken , `` Re-examining Mi'kmaq - Acadian Relations , 1635 - 1755 '' in Vingt Ans Apres : Habitants et Marchands Twenty Years Later . Ed . Sylvie Depatie et al. ( Montreal and Kingston , ON , 1998 ) , 93 - 109 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Located on an island in the Saint Croix River between present - day Maine and New Brunswick , the Saint Croix settlement failed because the surrounding river became impassable in the winter . It cut off the settlers from necessary supplies of fresh food , water , and fuel wood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffiths , N. 1600 - 1650 . `` Fish , Fur and Folk '' , in Buckner , P. and Reid J. ( eds ) , The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History , Toronto University Press . 1994 . p. 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckner , P. and Reid J. ( eds ) , The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History , Toronto University Press . 1994 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffiths , N.E.S. `` From Migrant to Acadian : A North American Border People , 1604 - 1755 '' McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2005 . p. 36 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Naomi Griffiths , From Migrant to Acadian : a North American border people , 1604 - 1755 , Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2005 . p. 54 - 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffith , 2005 , p. 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffith , 2005 , p. 193 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gregory M.W. Kennedy . Something of a Peasant Paradise ? Comparing Rural Societies in Acadie and the Loudunais , 1604 - 1755 ( MQUP , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : M.A. MacDonald , Fortune & La Tour : The civil war in Acadia , Toronto : Methuen. 1983 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffith , 2005 , p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brenda Dunn , p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brenda Dunn . A History of Port Royal , Annapolis Royal : 1605 - 1800 . Nimbus Publishing , 2004 . p. 20 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St. - Jean , 1758 '' by Earle Lockerby , Acadiensis Vol . XXVII , No. 2 Spring / Printemps 1998 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ During the 144 years prior to the founding of Halifax ( 1749 ) , Port Royal / Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia during 112 of those years ( 78 % of the time ) . The other locations that served as the Capital of Acadia are : LaHave , Nova Scotia ( 1632 - 1636 ) ; present day Castine , Maine ( 1657 - 1667 ) ; Beaubassin ( 1678 - 1684 ) ; Jemseg , New Brunswick ( 1690 - 1691 ) ; present day Fredericton , New Brunswick ( 1691 - 1694 ) , and present day Saint John , New Brunswick ( 1695 - 1699 ) . ( See Brenda Dunn . Port Royal / Annapolis Royal . 2004 . Nimbus Publishing ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Faragher , John Mack , A Great and Noble Scheme New York ; W.W. Norton & Company , 2005 . pp. 110 -- 112 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05135 - 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geoffery Plank . An Unsettled Conquest . University of Pennsylvania . 2001 . pp. 67 - 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Grenier . The Far Reaches of Empire . pp. 46 - 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( William Pote 's Journal , 1745 , p. 34 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winthrop Pickard Bell . ( 1961 ) . The `` Foreign Protestants '' and the Settlement of Nova Scotia ; Mather Byles DesBrisay ( 1895 ) . History of the county of Lunenburg . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faragher , p. 271 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Patterson , Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Grenier , Far Reaches of Empire : War in Nova Scotia 1710 - 1760 . Oklahoma University Press . 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen E. Patterson . `` Indian - White Relations in Nova Scotia , 1749 - 61 : A Study in Political Interaction . '' Buckner , P , Campbell , G. and Frank , D. ( eds ) . The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1 : Atlantic Canada Before Confederation . 1998 . pp. 105 - 106. ; Also see Stephen Patterson , Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples , p. 144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ried , John . Nova Scotia : A Pocket History . Fernwood Publishing . 2009 . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Grenier . The Far Reaches of Empire : War in Nova Scotia , 1710 - 1760 . Oklahoma University Press. pp. 199 -- 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster as cited by bluepete , p. 371 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Faragher . Great and Noble Scheme . Norton . 2005 . p. 398 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Gwenda and Rushton , Peter ( 2013 ) . Banishment in the Early Atlantic World : Convicts , Rebels and Slaves , p. 140 . Bloomsbury Academic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fischer , L.R. ( 1979 ) . `` Francklin , Michael '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV ( 1771 -- 1800 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michaud , Scott . `` History of the Madawaska Acadians '' . members.tripod.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pioneer Journal , Summerside , Prince Edward Island , 9 December 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Acadia portal </Li> <Li> History of Canada portal </Li> <Li> New France portal </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the Acadians . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Military history of the Acadians </Li> <Li> Military history of Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Aboriginal peoples in Canada </Li> <Li> Acadians </Li> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> Fort Beaus\u00e9jour and Fortress of Louisbourg </Li> <Li> Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere </Li> <Li> List of governors of Acadia </Li> <Li> List of conflicts in Canada </Li> <Li> Military history of Canada </Li> <Li> New Brunswick </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> List of years in Canada </Li> <Li> History of Nova Scotia </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arsenault , B. ( 1994 ) . Histoire des Acadiens . Gasp : Fides . </Li> <Li> Dupont , Jean - Claude ( 1977 ) . H\u00e9ritage d'Acadie . Montreal : \u00c9ditions Lem\u00e9ac . </Li> <Li> MacDonald , M.A. ( 1983 ) . Fortunes & La Tour : The Acadian Civil War . Toronto : Methuen . </Li> <Li> `` Thomas Beamish Akins : British North America 's Pioneer Archivist '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Record Management . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thematic project on the Acadians at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography </Li> <Li> Acadian Ancestral Home - a repository for Acadian History & Genealogy </Li> <Li> Poitou , Acadie , Bretagne </Li> <Li> Acadian - Cajun Genealogy & History </Li> <Li> CyberAcadie -- Site Web sur l'histoire des Acadiens </Li> <Li> Le Pays De La Sagouine </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Griffiths , Naomi Elizabeth Saundaus ( 1992 ) , The Contexts of Acadian History : 1686 -- 1784 , McGill - Queen 's Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0886 - 6 </Li> <Li> Plank , Geoffrey ( 2003 ) , An Unsettled Conquest : The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia , University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1869 - 5 </Li> <Li> Reid , John G. ( 1981 ) , Acadia , Maine , and New Scotland : Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 5508 - 8 </Li> <Li> Reid , John G. ( 2004 ) , The `` conquest '' of Acadia , 1710 : Imperial , Colonial , and Aboriginal Constructions , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8538 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jobb , Dean ( 2005 ) , The Acadians : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph . John Wiley & Sons ( published in the United States as The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Atkins . Acadian French . 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    "document_text": "Outer Banks - wikipedia <H1> Outer Banks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Outer Banks , separating the Atlantic Ocean ( east ) from Currituck and Albemarle Sounds ( north ) and Pamlico Sound ( south ) Aerial view of Outer banks ( looking north ) , with ocean on the right and sound on the left <P> The Outer Banks ( OBX ) is a 200 - mile - long ( 320 km ) string of barrier islands and spits off the coast of North Carolina and southeastern Virginia , on the east coast of the United States . They cover most of the North Carolina coastline , separating the Currituck Sound , Albemarle Sound , and Pamlico Sound from the Atlantic Ocean . </P> <P> The Outer Banks are a major tourist destination and are known around the world for their subtropical climate and wide expanse of open beachfront . The Cape Hatteras National Seashore has four campgrounds open to visitors . The treacherous seas off the Outer Banks and the large number of shipwrecks that have occurred there have given these seas the nickname Graveyard of the Atlantic . The Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum is located in Hatteras Village near a United States Coast Guard facility and the Hatteras ferry . </P> <P> The English Roanoke Colony -- where Virginia Dare was born -- vanished from Roanoke Island in 1587 . The Lost Colony , written and performed to commemorate the original colonists , is the second longest running outdoor drama in the United States and its theater acts as a cultural focal point for much of the Outer Banks . </P> <P> The Wright brothers ' first flight in a controlled , powered , heavier - than - air vehicle took place on the Outer Banks on December 17 , 1903 , at Kill Devil Hills near the seafront town of Kitty Hawk . The Wright Brothers National Monument commemorates the historic flights , and First Flight Airport is a small , general - aviation airfield located there . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Vegetation </Li> <Li> 3 Weather </Li> <Li> 4 Culture </Li> <Li> 5 Fishing </Li> <Li> 6 Communities <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Currituck Banks </Li> <Li> 6.2 Bodie Island </Li> <Li> 6.3 Roanoke Island </Li> <Li> 6.4 Hatteras Island </Li> <Li> 6.5 Ocracoke Island </Li> <Li> 6.6 Core Banks </Li> <Li> 6.7 Bogue Banks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Parks </Li> <Li> 8 Notable residents </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Outer Banks is a string of peninsulas and barrier islands separating the Atlantic Ocean from mainland North Carolina . From north to south , the largest of these include : Bodie Island ( which used to be an island but is now a peninsula due to tropical storms and hurricanes ) , Hatteras Island , Ocracoke Island , Portsmouth Island , and the Core Banks . Over time , the exact number of islands and inlets changes as new inlets are opened up , often during a breach created during violent storms , and older inlets close , usually due to gradually sifting sands during the dynamic processes of beach evolution . </P> <P> The Outer Banks stretch southward from Sandbridge in Virginia Beach down the North Carolina coastline . Sources differ regarding the southern terminus of the Outer Banks . Generations of North Carolina schoolchildren have learned that the term includes the state 's three prominent capes : Cape Hatteras , Cape Lookout , and Cape Fear . Other sources limit the definition to two capes ( Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout ) and coastal areas in four counties ( Currituck County , Dare County , Hyde County , and Carteret County ) . Some authors include Carteret 's Shackelford Banks and Bogue Banks in their descriptions , while others exclude Bogue Banks . Still other references restrict the definition to the northern three counties of Currituck , Dare , and Hyde . </P> <P> The abbreviations OBX ( Outer Banks ) and SOBX ( Southern Outer Banks ) are modern terms used to promote tourism and to market a variety of stickers , t - shirts , and other items to vacationers . OBX , which originated first , is generally used in the northern Outer Banks . SOBX is used primarily in Carteret County , which is also known as the Crystal Coast . </P> <P> The northern part of the Outer Banks , from Oregon Inlet northward , is actually a part of the North American mainland , since the northern inlets of Bodie Island and Currituck Banks no longer exist . It is separated by the Currituck Sound and the Intracoastal Waterway , which passes through the Great Dismal Swamp occupying much of the mainland west of the Outer Banks . Road access to the northern Outer Banks is cut off between Sandbridge and Corolla , North Carolina , with communities such as Carova Beach accessible only by four - wheel drive vehicles . North Carolina State Highway 12 links most of the popular Outer Banks communities in this section of the coast . The easternmost point is Cape Point at Cape Hatteras on Hatteras Island , site of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse . </P> <P> The Outer Banks are not anchored to offshore coral reefs like some other barrier islands and as a consequence they often suffer significant beach erosion during major storms . In fact , their location jutting out into the Atlantic makes them the most hurricane - prone area north of Florida , for both landfalling storms and brushing storms offshore . Hatteras Island was cut in half on September 18 , 2003 , when Hurricane Isabel washed a 2,000 foot ( 600 m ) wide and 15 foot ( 5 m ) deep channel called Isabel Inlet through the community of Hatteras Village on the southern end of the island . The tear was subsequently repaired and restored by sand dredging by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . It was cut off once again in 2011 by Hurricane Irene . Access to the island was largely limited to boat access only from August to late October until another temporary bridge could be built . </P> <H2> Vegetation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The vegetation of the Outer Banks varies . In the northeast part of the Outer Banks , from Virginia Beach southward past the North Carolina border to Oregon Inlet , the main types of vegetation are sea grasses , beach grasses and other beach plants including Opuntia humifusa on the Atlantic side and wax myrtles , bays , and grasses on the Sound side with areas of pine and Spanish moss - covered live oaks . Yucca aloifolia and Yucca gloriosa can be found growing wild here in the northern parts of its range on the beach . Sabal Minor palms were once indigenous to the entire Outer Banks , and they are still successfully planted and grown . Its current most northerly known native stand is on Monkey Island in Currituck County . </P> <P> From Cape Hatteras National Seashore southward , the vegetation does include that of the northeastern Outer Banks such as Sabal minor , Yucca aloifolia and Yucca gloriosa ; however , the main vegetation consists of Cabbage palmetto ( Sabal palmetto ) , which can be found in the north , although they are native in the southern part of the Outer Banks , specifically prevalent from Cape Hatteras and all points southward . Pindo palms and windmill palms are also planted widely throughout the Outer Banks ; although , they are not indigenous to the area . </P> <P> A wide variety of native plants can be found at the Elizabethan Gardens in Manteo on Roanoke Island . The gardens are open year round , 7 days a week . </P> <H2> Weather ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Outer Banks have unusual weather patterns because of their unique geographical location . As the islands are jutted out from the eastern seaboard into the Atlantic Gulf Stream , the Outer Banks has a predisposition to be affected by hurricanes , Nor'easters ( usually in the form of rain , and rarely snow or mixed precipitation ) , and other ocean - driven storms . </P> <P> The winters are typically milder than in inland areas , averaging lows in the upper 30s and highs in the lower 50s , and is more frequently overcast than in the summer . However , the exposure of the Outer Banks makes them prone to higher winds , often causing wind chills to make the apparent temperature as cold as the inland areas . The summer months average lows from the mid-70s to highs in the upper 80s , depending on the time of the summer . The spring and fall are typically milder seasons . The fall and winter are usually warmer than areas inland , while the spring and the summer are often slightly cooler because of the moderating effects of being surrounded by water . </P> <P> Although snow is possible , averaging from 3 inches in the north to less than 1 / 2 inch per year in the south , there are many times when years pass between snowfalls . The majority of nor'easters are `` born '' off the coasts of the Outer Banks . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum , Hatteras , North Carolina , June 2007 <P> Archeologists believe that the Outer Banks were inhabited for well over a thousand years before the arrival of Europeans , with small branches of larger tribes , such as Algonquins , Chowanog , and Poteskeet , setting up homes all along the barrier islands from Corolla to Hatteras . European explorers to the Outer Banks as far back as the 1500s noted encountering the friendly Hatteras Island and Outer Banks natives , noting their hospitality to foreign explorers as well as their happiness and overall quality of life . European - borne diseases and migration to the mainland were likely the main causes for the decline of the native population . </P> <P> Before bridges were built in the 1930s , the only form of transport between or off the islands was by boat , which allowed for the islands to stay isolated from much of the rest of the mainland . This helped to preserve the maritime culture and the distinctive Outer Banks accent or brogue , which sounds more like an English accent than it does an American accent . Many `` bankers '' have often been mistaken for being from England or Ireland when traveling to areas outside of the Outer Banks . The brogue is more distinctive the further south one travels on the Outer Banks , with it being the thickest on Ocracoke Island and Harkers Island . </P> <P> Some residents of the Outer Banks , known as wreckers , made part of their living by scavenging wrecked ships -- or by luring ships to their destruction . Horses with lanterns tied to their necks would be walked along the beach ; the lanterns ' up and down motion would appear to ships to represent clear water and a ship ahead ; the unsuspecting captain would then drive his ship ashore following this false light . </P> <P> The islands are home to herds of feral horses , sometimes called `` banker ponies , '' which according to local legend are descended from Spanish Mustangs washed ashore centuries ago in shipwrecks . Populations are found on Ocracoke Island , Shackleford Banks , Currituck Banks , and in the Rachel Carson Estuarine Sanctuary . </P> <P> Ocracoke was the last refuge of pirate Edward Teach , better known as Blackbeard . It is also where the infamous pirate was killed November 22 , 1718 in a fierce battle with troops from Virginia . </P> <P> The Outer Banks is home to Yaupon Holly ( Ilex vomitoria ) , the roasted leaves of which were brewed into a high caffeine beverage called black drink by the Native Americans . The Outer Banks may be one of the few places where it is still consumed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Fishing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Outer Banks offers a multitude of fishing options for tourists as well as locals . There has been a long history of fishing in the Outer Banks , dating back to the end of the 17th century . Pirates ravaged the coast for the majority of the 1600s , but once they were ridden , the local settlers used fishing as their lifeline . Then , in the mid-19th century , large - scale commercial fishing erupted , mostly due to the construction of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal , which simplified shipping methods for fishermen . Saltwater fishing became the cash - crop of the Outer Banks , and blossomed it into a popular tourist destination . In modern times , tourists will flock to the area just for the abundance of fishing opportunities . Anglers , otherwise known as fishermen , have a wide range of fishing methods , some of these methods date back to when the first settlers arrived , to choose from in the Outer Banks . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Fly fishing </Dt> <Dd> This was brought about in the 1950s when modern fly fishing experts like , Joe Brooks and Jimmy Albright , were successfully catching a variety of gamefish on the flats of the Florida Keys and on the Currituck Sound , which is included in the stretch of the Outer Banks . Modern fly fishers in the Outer Banks pursue a variety of gamefish from red drum , to marlin and tuna . </Dd> <Dt> Brackish fishing </Dt> <Dd> This is a separate type of fishing than complete saltwater because of the abundance of new species that are able to live in brackish water . The Outer Banks has multiple Sounds that receive water from the Atlantic Ocean and many North Carolina fresh - water rivers , creating an estuary for many types of fish including , striped bass , puppy drum , and speckled trout . </Dd> <Dt> Offshore fishing </Dt> <Dd> Thriving in the Outer Banks , this is the type of fishing this area is known for . Offshore fishing is the method of heading out to sea to the Gulf Stream , where giant species such as billfish , tuna and dolphin lurk . Anglers can book charters or use their own personal boat , but a larger boat is necessary to reach the deep water where the big fish are prevalent . </Dd> <Dt> Inshore fishing </Dt> <Dd> Guides local to the Outer Banks will often escort new anglers around the area to sounds and piers where they are guaranteed a catch . Whether the customer is a novice or veteran with their fishing skills , the inshore guide is someone that is there to help . </Dd> <Dt> Pier fishing </Dt> <Dd> The Outer Banks are one of the few coastal areas left with more than one fishing pier along the coast , so anglers attract to the area for an opportunity to pier fish . Pier Fishing is an easy way for anglers to get a little off - shore mixed with some inshore fishing . It is where fishermen can catch any type of fish they please , as long as it is the season for it . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The Outer Banks are a popular destination for bottom fish like spot and mullet , these two types of fish are caught throughout the year . The peak for fishing bottom and top water feeders is early to the middle of May . If the angler is solely searching for top water fish , then late May and June would be the ideal time to fish , especially if they are searching for Mackerel . In the offseason , or winter months , the true fishermen are out searching for Trout , Sea Bass , Bluefish , Bluefin Tuna , Oysters , King Mackerel , Bay Scallops , and Striped Bass . In the spring , the popular catches are Grouper , Sea Trout , Sea Bass , Bluefish , Bluefin and Yellowfin tuna , Oysters , Snapper , Striped Bass , Red Drum , Croaker , Sea Mullet , King Mackerel , and Wahoo Late Spring and the beginning of summer is the favored time for top - water fish to move into the coastal waters near the Outer Banks , because of the warming waters and the increased visibility in the water The top water fish can see baitfish easily due to the decrease in murky water Plus they will start to migrate back North as the coastal waters to the south become too hot , the waters farther North will warm to their desired temperatures . Yet , in the prime tourist season of the summer , fishermen and many tourists have plenty of game options such as blue Marlin , White Marlin , Dolphin , Wahoo , Cobia , King Mackerel , Bluefish , Tuna , Flounder , snapper , Grouper , Spanish Mackerel , Crabs , Soft Crabs , Shrimp , Spot , Croaker , Sailfish , and Sea Mullet . By the fall , most tourists have started to leave , but fishermen are still out searching for Snapper , Channel Bass , Bluefish , King Mackerel , Grouper , Tuna , Oysters , Striped Bass , Sea Mullet , Spot , Clams , Speckled Trout , Flounder , and Shrimp . The prime season for fall fishing is late September to October 23 . Though the water is more turbulent and murky due to the strong northeast prevailing winds , there is still some big game fish left . Most of these fish are vacating back to the South for the warm waters . This makes it a prime time for smaller bottom fish who love to feed in murky , colder water . </P> <H2> Communities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Towns and communities along the Outer Banks include ( listed from north to south ) : </P> <H3> Currituck Banks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sandbridge ( VA ) </Li> <Li> Carova Beach </Li> <Li> Corolla </Li> <Li> Knotts Island </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bodie Island ( edit ) </H3> Sunset over the Currituck Sound in Duck ( 2009 ) The Bodie Island Lighthouse ( October 2008 ) <Ul> <Li> Duck </Li> <Li> Southern Shores </Li> <Li> Kitty Hawk </Li> <Li> Kill Devil Hills </Li> <Li> Nags Head </Li> </Ul> <H3> Roanoke Island ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Manteo </Li> <Li> Wanchese </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hatteras Island ( edit ) </H3> Sunset over Avon <Ul> <Li> Rodanthe </Li> <Li> Waves </Li> <Li> Salvo </Li> <Li> Avon </Li> <Li> Buxton </Li> <Li> Frisco </Li> <Li> Hatteras </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ocracoke Island ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ocracoke </Li> </Ul> <H3> Core Banks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Portsmouth Island </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bogue Banks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Beach </Li> <Li> Pine Knoll Shores </Li> <Li> Indian Beach </Li> <Li> Salter Path </Li> <Li> Emerald Isle </Li> </Ul> <H2> Parks ( edit ) </H2> Jockey 's Ridge State Park <Ul> <Li> Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Cape Hatteras National Seashore </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout National Seashore </Li> <Li> Currituck Heritage Park </Li> <Li> Currituck National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> False Cape State Park </Li> <Li> Fort Macon State Park </Li> <Li> Fort Raleigh National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Jockey 's Ridge State Park </Li> <Li> Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers National Memorial </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notable residents ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Andy Griffith ( 1926 -- 2012 ) , actor </Li> <Li> Dennis Anderson , professional Monster Truck driver and creator of Grave Digger . </Li> <Li> Edward Teach , ( 1680 - 1718 ) notorious English pirate , raided on the North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea . </Li> <Li> Manteo ( disappeared after 1587 ) influential figure in Croatoan Nation , ambassador to England and mediator . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Crystal Coast ( Southern Outer Banks ) </Li> <Li> Hazard mitigation in the Outer Banks </Li> <Li> Historic Albemarle Tour </Li> <Li> Inner Banks </Li> <Li> North Carolina Highway 12 </Li> <Li> Outer Banks Daredevils </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Campgrounds '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See National Park Service : Fort Raleigh National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina , to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights , 1903 December 17 '' . World Digital Library . 1903 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geography of North Carolina '' . NC State Board of Education . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geography of North Carolina '' . www.ncpublicschools.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress LCCN Permalink sh85096155 '' . lccn.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina Gazetteer NCpedia '' . ncpedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outer Banks island chain , United States '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outer Banks Map - OuterBanks.com '' . www.outerbanks.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Corolla History '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shoring Up N. Carolina Islands : A Losing Battle ? '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monkey Island Sabal Minor '' . Old Dominion University . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gary 's Nursery '' . Gary Hollar . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elizabethan Gardens - Outer Banks Attractions - Relaxing Vacation Activities '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BACK BAY WILDLIFE REFUG , VIRGINIA - Climate Summary '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OuterBanks.com https://www.outerbanks.com/first-settlers.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Graveyard of the Atlantic - North Carolina Digital History '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Moore . ( 1997 ) `` A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate , the Queen Anne 's Revenge and the Adventure '' . In Tributaries , Volume VII , 1997 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ( North Carolina Maritime History Council ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dough , Wynne . `` Yaupon '' . NCpedia . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Outer Banks Fishing '' . The Outer Banks of North Carolina . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Gloucester vs. Outer Banks '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing Opportunities in the Coastal Region of North Carolina '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Outer Banks in Winter '' . Field & Stream . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Outer Banks Charter Fishing '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina 's Ocean Piers '' . VisitNC.com . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Finch . `` Pier Fishing on the Outer Banks '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` The real Andy Griffith lives among us , quietly '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Outer Banks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Outer Banks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Outer Banks Visitors Bureau Dare county </Li> <Li> College of The Albemarle </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Outer Banks of North Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albemarle - Pamlico Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bodie Island </Li> <Li> Roanoke Island </Li> <Li> Pea Island </Li> <Li> Hatteras Island </Li> <Li> Cape Hatteras </Li> <Li> Ocracoke Island </Li> <Li> Portsmouth Island </Li> <Li> Core Banks </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Currituck County </Li> <Li> Dare County </Li> <Li> Hyde County </Li> <Li> Carteret County </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Carova Beach </Li> <Li> Corolla </Li> <Li> Duck </Li> <Li> Southern Shores </Li> <Li> Kitty Hawk </Li> <Li> Kill Devil Hills </Li> <Li> Nags Head </Li> <Li> Whalebone Junction </Li> <Li> Manteo </Li> <Li> Wanchese </Li> <Li> Rodanthe </Li> <Li> Waves </Li> <Li> Salvo </Li> <Li> Avon </Li> <Li> Buxton </Li> <Li> Frisco </Li> <Li> Hatteras </Li> <Li> Ocracoke </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout Village </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Waterways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Ocean </Li> <Li> Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway </Li> <Li> Currituck Sound </Li> <Li> Albemarle Sound </Li> <Li> Croatan Sound </Li> <Li> Roanoke Sound </Li> <Li> Oregon Inlet </Li> <Li> Pamlico Sound </Li> <Li> Hatteras Inlet </Li> <Li> Onslow Bay </Li> <Li> Raleigh Bay </Li> <Li> Ocracoke Inlet </Li> <Li> Core Sound </Li> <Li> Drum Inlet </Li> <Li> Barden Inlet </Li> <Li> Back Sound </Li> <Li> New Inlet </Li> <Li> Isabel Inlet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lighthouses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Currituck Beach Light </Li> <Li> Bodie Island Light </Li> <Li> Cape Hatteras Light </Li> <Li> Ocracoke Light </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout Light </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Protected areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cape Hatteras National Seashore </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout National Seashore </Li> <Li> Fort Raleigh National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Jockey 's Ridge State Park </Li> <Li> Mountains - 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    "document_text": "Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas - wikipedia <H1> Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas </H1> <P> </P> <Table> Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> The BSP complex in Manila </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Manila , Philippines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 14 \u00b0 33 \u2032 39 '' N 120 \u00b0 59 \u2032 18 '' E \ufeff / \ufeff 14.56083 \u00b0 N 120.98833 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 14.56083 ; 120.98833 Coordinates : 14 \u00b0 33 \u2032 39 '' N 120 \u00b0 59 \u2032 18 '' E \ufeff / \ufeff 14.56083 \u00b0 N 120.98833 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 14.56083 ; 120.98833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> January 3 , 1949 ; 69 years ago ( January 3 , 1949 ) ( original , bankrupt ) July 3 , 1993 ; 25 years ago ( July 3 , 1993 ) ( re-established due to the New Central Bank Act ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Nestor Espenilla , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central bank of </Th> <Td> Philippines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> Philippine peso PHP ( ISO 4217 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reserves </Th> <Td> US $81 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bank rate </Th> <Td> 3.50 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.bsp.gov.ph </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( lit . Central Bank of the Philippines ; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English ) is the central bank of the Philippines . It was established on 3 July 1993 , pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 American era and World War II </Li> <Li> 1.2 Third Republic and martial law </Li> <Li> 1.3 Present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Roles and responsibilities </Li> <Li> 3 Organization of the Bangko Sentral </Li> <Li> 4 Convertible currencies </Li> <Li> 5 Microfinance and financial inclusion </Li> <Li> 6 Anti-money laundering </Li> <Li> 7 Governors </Li> <Li> 8 Museum </Li> <Li> 9 Security Plant Complex </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Publications </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> American era and World War ii ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1900 , the First Philippine Commission passed Act No. 52 , which placed all banks under the Bureau of the Treasury and authorizing the Insular Treasurer to supervise and examine banks and all banking activity . In 1929 , the Department of Finance , through the Bureau of Banking , took over bank supervision . </P> <P> By 1933 , a group of Filipinos had conceptualised a central bank for the Philippine Islands . It came up with the rudiments of a bill for the establishment of a central bank after a careful study of the economic provisions of the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act , which would grant Philippine independence after 12 years , but reserving military and naval bases for the United States and imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . However , the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act would be rejected by the Senate of the Philippines at the urging of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon . This Senate then advocated a new bill that won United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's support , this would be the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which would grant Philippine independence on July 4 , 1946 . </P> <P> Under the Commonwealth , discussions continued regarding the idea of a Philippine central bank that would promote price stability and economic growth . The country 's monetary system then was administered by the Department of Finance and the National Treasury , and the Philippine piso was on the exchange standard using the United States dollar , which was backed by 100 percent gold reserve , as the standard currency . </P> <P> As required by the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , the National Assembly of the Philippines in 1939 passed a law establishing a central bank . As it was a monetary law , it required the approval of the President of the United States ; Franklin D. Roosevelt did not give his . A second law was passed in 1944 under the Japanese - controlled Second Republic during the Second World War , but the 1945 arrival of American liberation forces , aided by Philippine Commonwealth troops and recognised guerrillas , aborted its implementation . </P> <H3> Third Republic and martial law ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shortly after President Manuel Roxas assumed office in 1946 , he instructed then - Finance Secretary Miguel Cuaderno , Sr. to draw up a charter for a central bank . The establishment of a monetary authority became imperative a year later as a result of the findings of the Joint Philippine - American Finance Commission chaired by Cuaderno . The Commission , which studied Philippine financial , monetary , and fiscal problems in 1947 , recommended a shift from the dollar exchange standard to a managed currency system . A central bank was necessary to implement the proposed shift to the new system . </P> <P> Roxas then created the Central Bank Council to prepare the charter of a proposed monetary authority . It was submitted to Congress in February 1948 . By June of the same year , the newly proclaimed President Elpidio Quirino , who succeeded President Roxas , affixed his signature on Republic Act ( RA ) No. 265 , the Central Bank Act of 1948. On January 3 , 1949 , the Central Bank of the Philippines was formally inaugurated with Miguel Cuaderno , Sr. as the first governor . The main duties and responsibilities of the Central Bank were to promote economic development and maintain internal and external monetary stability . </P> <P> Over the years , changes were introduced to make the charter more responsive to the needs of the economy . On November 29 , 1972 , President Ferdinand Marcos ' Presidential Decree No. 72 amended Republic Act No. 265 , emphasizing the maintenance of domestic and international monetary stability as the primary objective of the Central Bank . The Bank 's authority was also expanded to include regulation of the entire financial system of the Philippines and not just supervision of the banking system . In 1981 , RA 265 , as amended , was further improved to strengthen the financial system , among the changes was the increase in the capitalization of the Central Bank from Php 10 million to Php 10 billion . </P> <P> In the 1973 Constitution , the interim Batasang Pambansa ( National Assembly ) was mandated to establish an independent central monetary authority . Presidential Decree No. 1801 designated the Central Bank of the Philippines as the central monetary authority ( CMA ) . Years later , the 1987 Constitution adopted the CMA provisions from the 1973 Constitution that were aimed essentially at establishing an independent monetary authority through increased capitalization and greater private sector representation in the Monetary Board . </P> <H3> Present ( edit ) </H3> <P> In accordance with a provision in the 1987 Constitution , President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7653 , otherwise known as the New Central Bank Act , into law on June 14 , 1993 . The law provides for the establishment of an independent monetary authority to be known as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , its primary objective being the maintenance of price stability . This objective was only implied in the old Central Bank charter . The law also gives the Bangko Sentral fiscal and administrative autonomy which the old Central Bank did not have . On July 3 , 1993 , the New Central Bank Act took effect . </P> BSP Branch in Zamboanga City . <P> On the evening of September 26 , 2012 , a Wednesday , the BSP website was hacked by a group named Anonymous Philippines in a protest against the recently passed Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 . The website was promptly restored in the early hours of the following day . </P> <P> On April 23 , 2013 , The Asian Banker named the BSP as the Best Macroeconomic Regulator in the Asia - Pacific Region for 2013 in The Asian Banker Leadership Achievement Awards in Jakarta , Indonesia . The BSP was cited as a `` good , strong , and fair - minded regulator . '' About a month later , the BSP was given the country award by the Child and Youth Finance International in its 2013 International Summit in Istanbul , Turkey , in recognition of its initiative to integrate financial education in the Philippine elementary school curriculum . </P> <H2> Roles and responsibilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> As prescribed by the New Central Bank Act , the main functions of the Bangko Sentral are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Liquidity management , by formulating and implementing monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply , consistent with its primary objective to maintain price stability , </Li> <Li> Currency issue . The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency . All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all private and public debts , </Li> <Li> Lender of last resort , by extending discounts , loans and advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes , </Li> <Li> Financial supervision , by supervising banks and exercising regulatory powers over non-bank institutions performing quasi-banking functions , </Li> <Li> Management of foreign currency reserves , by maintaining sufficient international reserves to meet any foreseeable net demands for foreign currencies in order to preserve the international stability and convertibility of the Philippine peso , </Li> <Li> Determination of exchange rate policy , by determining the exchange rate policy of the Philippines . Currently , the BSP adheres to a market - oriented foreign exchange rate policy , and </Li> <Li> Being the banker , financial advisor and official depository of the Government , its political subdivisions and instrumentalities and GOCCs . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Organization of the Bangko Sentral ( edit ) </H2> <P> The basic structure of the Bangko Sentral includes : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Monetary Board , which exercises the powers and functions of the BSP , such as the conduct of monetary policy and supervision of the financial system ; </Li> <Li> The Monetary Stability Sector , which takes charge of the formulation and implementation of the BSP 's monetary policy , including serving the banking needs of all banks through accepting deposits , servicing withdrawals and extending credit through the rediscounting facility ; </Li> <Li> The Supervision and Examination Sector , which enforces and monitors compliance to banking laws to promote a sound and healthy banking system ; and </Li> <Li> The Resource Management Sector , which serves the human , financial and physical resource needs of the BSP . </Li> </Ul> <P> The powers and function of Bangko Sentral are exercised by its Monetary Board , whose seven members are appointed by the President of the Philippines . As provided for by RA 7653 or the New Central Bank Act , one of the government sector members of the Monetary Board must also be a member of Cabinet . Members of the Monetary Board are prohibited from holding certain positions in other government agencies and private institutions that may give rise to conflicts of interest . The members have fixed and overlapping terms , except for the Cabinet Secretary representing the incumbent administration . </P> <P> The current members of the Monetary Board are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Nestor Espenilla , Jr. , BSP Governor and Chairman of the Monetary Board </Li> <Li> Carlos Dominguez III , Secretary of the Department of Finance </Li> <Li> Antonio S. Abacan , Jr . </Li> <Li> Juan D. De Zu\u00f1iga , Jr . </Li> <Li> V. Bruce J. Tolentino </Li> <Li> Felipe M. Medalla </Li> <Li> Peter B. Favila </Li> </Ul> <H2> Convertible currencies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Bangko Sentral has 19 currencies directly convertible with the Philippine piso , which serves as a benchmark for all Philippine banks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australian dollar ( AUD ) </Li> <Li> Bahraini dinar ( BHD ) </Li> <Li> British pound ( GBP ) </Li> <Li> Brunei dollar ( BND ) </Li> <Li> Canadian dollar ( CAD ) </Li> <Li> Dominican peso ( DOP ) </Li> <Li> Chinese yuan ( CNY ) </Li> <Li> Euro ( EUR ) </Li> <Li> Hong Kong dollar ( HKD ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indonesian rupiah ( IDR ) </Li> <Li> Japanese yen ( JPY ) </Li> <Li> Mexican peso ( MXN ) </Li> <Li> Korean won ( KRW ) </Li> <Li> Kuwaiti dinar ( KWD ) </Li> <Li> Saudi riyal ( SAR ) </Li> <Li> Singapore dollar ( SGD ) </Li> <Li> Swiss franc ( CHF ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thai baht ( THB ) </Li> <Li> New Taiwan dollar ( TWD ) </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates dirham ( AED ) </Li> <Li> United States dollar ( USD ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Microfinance and financial Inclusion ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2000 , the General Banking Law mandated the BSP to recognize microfinance as a legitimate banking activity and to set the rules and regulations for its practice within the banking sector . In the same year , the BSP declared microfinance as its flagship program for poverty alleviation . The BSP has become the prime advocate for the development of microfinance . To this end , the Bangko Sentral aims to : </P> <Ol> <Li> Provide the enabling policy and regulatory environment ; </Li> <Li> Increase the capacity of the BSP and banking sector on microfinance operations ; and </Li> <Li> Promote and advocate for the development of sound and sustainable microfinance operations . </Li> </Ol> <P> The Bank is active in promoting a financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion . It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico . </P> <H2> Anti-Money Laundering ( edit ) </H2> <P> With money laundering being one of the problems of the Philippines , the BSP has issued a number of measures to bring the Philippines ' regulatory regime on money laundering closer to international standards . In September 2001 , the Anti-Money Laundering Act , or AMLA , was signed into law . The AMLA defined money laundering a criminal offense , and prescribed corresponding penalties . It also provided the foundation for a central monitoring and implementing council called the Anti-Money Laundering Council ( AMLC ) . The AMLC is composed of the Governor of the Bangko Sentral as Chair , and the Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission as members , all acting unanimously in the discharge of the group 's mandate . </P> <P> In February 2013 , Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed R.A. No. 10365 , known as An act further strengthening the Anti-Money Laundering Law , which aims to strengthen the AMLC by requiring that any suspicious transaction in foreign exchange , real estate , and jewelry and precious metal trading be reported . </P> <H2> Governors ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas <H2> Museum ( edit ) </H2> <P> Within the Manila complex of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is the Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( English : Museum of the Central Bank of the Philippines ) . Inaugurated on January 3 , 1999 , as part of the celebration of the 50 years of central banking in the Philippines , the museum showcases the Bank 's collection of currencies . </P> <P> As repository and custodian of the country 's numismatic heritage , the Museo collects , studies and preserves coins , paper notes , medals , artifacts and monetary items found in the Philippines during its different historical periods . These collections have been placed on permanent display at the Museo . </P> <P> Designed to `` walk '' the visitor through a number of galleries dedicated to a specific historical period of the country , the Museo visually narrates the development of the Philippine economy , parallel to the evolution of its currency . Complementary paintings from the BSP art collection , together with chosen artifacts , enhance each gallery . </P> <P> A panoramic memorabilia of 50 years of central banking in the Philippines , showcases the strides made in bringing about price stability , to sustain economic growth in the country . The exhibition hall also carries the busts of the governors of the Central Bank / Bangko Sentral . </P> <H2> Security Plant complex ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Security Plant Complex , or SPC , was formally established on September 7 , 1978 to safeguard the printing , minting , refining , issuance , distribution and durability of coins , banknotes , gold bars , government official receipts , lottery tickets , internal revenue stamps , passports , seaman identification record books , strip stamps , official documents , registration certificates , Torrens titles , treasury warrants , stocks and bonds , government contracts , ration coupons , official ballots , election return forms , checks and other security printing or minting jobs of the Philippine government . </P> <P> Printing of official ballots and other public documents was later transferred to the National Printing Office pursuant to Executive Order No. 285 issued on July 25 , 1987 . </P> <P> On August 4 , 2003 , President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 79 , which designated the SPC as the sole manufacturer of presidential medals and decorations . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Torrens titles </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Passports </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gross International Reserves '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of the BSP '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Bank '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998 . p. 7 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roxas , Manuel . `` Second State of the Nation Address '' . Official Gazette . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998 . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The BSP Vision and Mission '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 265 -- An act establishing the Central Bank of the Philippines , defining its powers in the administration of the monetary and banking system , amending the pertinent provisions of the administrative code with respect to the currency and the Bureau of Banking , and for other purposes '' . LawCenter Philippines . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippine Presidential Decree No. 72 Archived July 5 , 2014 , at WebCite The LawPhil Project ( www.lawphil.net ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippine Presidential Decree No. 1801 Archived January 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The LawPhil Project ( www.lawphil.net ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Creating a Central Bank for the Philippines '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998 . p. 128 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Act No. 7653 Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( www.bsp.gov.ph ) Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumlao , Doris . `` BSP , MWSS websites hacked by anti-cybercrime law protester '' . The Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Websites hacked in protest vs new law '' . Rappler.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcia , Cathy Rose . `` BSP website restored after being hacked '' . abs-cbnnews.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . 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Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Monetary Board '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bangko Sentral Buying Rates for Foreign Currency Notes Archived May 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Accessed on 2011 - 05 - 29 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inclusion , Alliance for Financial . `` Maya Declaration Urges Financial Inclusion for World 's Unbanked Populations '' . www.prnewswire.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee - Brago , Pia . `` Phl monitoring vs money laundering weak -- US report '' . philstar.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Act '' . Anti-Money Laundering Council . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Organization '' . Anti-Money Laundering Council . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aquino signs expanded law vs ' dirty money ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Money Museum '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ del Mundo , Antonio ( 1998 ) . The Money Museum . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . pp. 205 -- 212 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcelo , Sam . `` The BSP art collection : Figures and paintings '' . BusinessWorld Weekender . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laya , Jaime ( 1998 ) . The Central Bank and Culture and the Arts . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . pp. 198 -- 204 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABOUT NATIONAL PRINTING OFFICE '' . Office of the Press Secretary - National Printing Office . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Medals and Decorations '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> About the Bangko Sentral </Li> </Ul> <H2> Publications ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Villegas , Ram\u00f3n N. ( 1983 ) . Kayamanan : The Philippine Jewelry Tradition . Central Bank of the Philippines . ISBN 9711039001 . 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    "document_text": "Takt time - wikipedia <H1> Takt time </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Takt '' redirects here . For the chamber ensemble in Arab music , see Takht ( music ) . For other uses of `` takht '' , see Takht . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Takt time is the average time between the start of production of one unit and the start of production of the next unit , when these production starts are set to match the rate of customer demand . For example , if a customer wants 10 units per week , then , given a 40 - hour work week and steady flow through the production line , the average time between production starts should be 4 hours , yielding 10 units produced per week . Note , a common misconception is that takt time is related to the time it takes to actually make the product . In the previous example , whether it takes 4 minutes or 4 years to produce the product , the takt time should be 4 hours ( of course , the time it takes to produce the product will impact the magnitude of the number of units actually in production at any point in time ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Definition </Li> <Li> 3 Implementation </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Takt time is a borrowing of the Japanese word takutotaimu ( \u30bf\u30af\u30c8 \u30bf\u30a4\u30e0 ) , which in turn was borrowed from the German word Taktzeit , meaning clock interval . The word was likely introduced to Japan by German engineers in the 1930s . </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Assuming a product is made one unit at a time at a constant rate during the net available work time , the takt time is the amount of time that must elapse between two consecutive unit completions in order to meet the demand . </P> <P> Takt time can be first determined with the formula : </P> <Dl> <Dd> T = T a D ( \\ displaystyle T = ( \\ frac ( T_ ( a ) ) ( D ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Where T = Takt time , e.g. ( work time between two consecutive units ) T = Net time available to work , e.g. ( work time per period ) D = Demand ( customer demand ) , e.g. ( units required per period ) </P> <P> Net available time is the amount of time available for work to be done . This excludes break times and any expected stoppage time ( for example scheduled maintenance , team briefings , etc . ) . </P> <P> Example : If there are a total of 8 hours ( or 480 minutes ) in a shift ( gross time ) less 30 minutes lunch , 30 minutes for breaks ( 2 \u00d7 15 mins ) , 10 minutes for a team briefing and 10 minutes for basic maintenance checks , then the net Available Time to Work = 480 - 30 - 30 - 10 - 10 = 400 minutes . </P> <P> If customer demand were 400 units a day and one shift were being run , then the line would be required to output at a minimum rate of one part per minute in order to be able to keep up with customer demand . </P> <P> In reality , people and machines can not maintain 100 % efficiency and there will be stoppages for other reasons . Allowances should be made for these instances , and thus the line will be set up to run at a faster rate to account for this . </P> <P> Also , takt time may be adjusted according to requirements within the company . For example , if one department delivers parts to several manufacturing lines , it often makes sense to use similar takt times on all lines to smooth out flow from the preceding station . Customer demand can still be met by adjusting daily working time , reducing down times on machines and so on . </P> <P> Some of the early literature uses cycle time for takt time . </P> <H2> Implementation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Takt time is calculated on virtually every task in a business environment . It is used in manufacturing ( casting of parts , drilling holes , or preparing a workplace for another task ) , control tasks ( testing of parts or adjusting machinery ) , or in administration ( answering standard inquiries or call center operation ) . It is , however , most common in production lines that move a product along a line of stations that each performs a set of predefined tasks . </P> <P> Once a takt system is implemented there are a number of benefits : </P> <Ul> <Li> The product moves along a line , so bottlenecks ( stations that need more time than planned ) are easily identified when the product does not move on in time . </Li> <Li> Correspondingly , stations that do n't operate reliably ( suffer frequent breakdown , etc . ) are easily identified . </Li> <Li> The takt leaves only a certain amount of time to perform the actual value added work . 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A built - in buffer of three to five percent downtime allows needed adjustments or recovery from failures . </Li> <Li> Short takt time can put considerable stress on the `` moving parts '' of a production system or subsystem . In automated systems / subsystems , increased mechanical stress increases the likelihood of breakdown , and in non-automated systems / subsystems , personnel face both increased physical stress ( which increases the risk of repetitive motion ( also `` stress or `` strain '' ) injury ) , intensified emotional stress , and lowered motivation , sometimes to the point of increased absenteeism . </Li> <Li> Tasks have to be leveled to make sure tasks do n't bulk in front of certain stations due to peaks in workload . This decreases the flexibility of the system as a whole . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lean manufacturing </Li> <Li> Toyota Production System </Li> <Li> Muri </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Graban , Mark ; Ducharme , Colin ; Ruddick , Todd . `` Takt Time '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laraia , Anthony C. ; Patricia E. Moody ; Robert W. Hall ( 1999 ) . The Kaizen Blitz : accelerating breakthroughs in productivity and performance . New York : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24648 - 0 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lean Manufacturing site about Takt time </Li> <Li> Six Sigma site about Takt time </Li> <Li> Takt Time Simulator On Line </Li> <Li> On Line business processes simulator </Li> <Li> Takt Time - a vision for Lean Manufacturing </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Monden , Yasuhiro ( 2011 ) . Toyota Production System : An Integrated Approach to Just - In - Time . New York : Productivity Press . p. 566 . ISBN 1 - 4398 - 2097 - X . </Li> <Li> Ohno , Taiichi , Toyota Production System : Beyond Large - Scale Production , Productivity Press ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 915299 - 14 - 3 </Li> <Li> Baudin , Michel , Lean Assembly : The Nuts and Bolts of Making Assembly Operations Flow , Productivity Press ( 2002 ) . ISBN 1 - 56327 - 263 - 6 </Li> <Li> Ortiz , Chris A. , Kaizen Assembly : Designing , Constructing , and Managing a Lean Assembly Line , CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 7187 - 5 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lean manufacturing tools </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> Cellular manufacturing </Li> <Li> Takt time </Li> <Li> Standardized work </Li> <Li> Continuous - flow manufacturing </Li> <Li> Kanban </Li> <Li> 5 Whys </Li> <Li> Single - minute exchange of die </Li> <Li> Poka - yoke </Li> <Li> Production leveling </Li> <Li> Total productive maintenance </Li> <Li> 5S ( methodology ) </Li> <Li> PDCA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takt_time&oldid=800753460 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lean manufacturing </Li> <Li> Process management </Li> <Li> Manufacturing </Li> <Li> Production and manufacturing </Li> <Li> Commercial item transport and distribution </Li> <Li> Management </Li> <Li> Inventory </Li> <Li> Industry </Li> <Li> Quality control </Li> <Li> Modes of production </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing German - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Fran\u00e7ais </Li> <Li> \u65e5\u672c \u8a9e </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 14 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "I Had trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew - wikipedia <H1> I Had trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Dr. Seuss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Children 's literature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Random House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 1965 ( renewed 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardcover and paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 1425583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Fox in Socks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> The Cat in the Hat Song Book </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Children 's literature portal </Li> </Ul> <P> I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew is a 1965 children 's book by Dr. Seuss . The story features classic Seuss rhymes and drawings in his distinctive pen and ink style . </P> <P> The book is a first - person narrative told by a young narrator who experiences troubles in his life ( mostly aggressive small animals that bite and sting ) and wishes to escape them . He sets out for the city of Solla Sollew ( `` where they never have troubles / at least very few '' ) and learns that he must face his problems instead of running away from them . He then goes back home to deal with his `` troubles '' , arming himself with a big bat and resolving that `` Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me ! '' </P> <P> The journey includes several fantastic , and troublesome , encounters . In one instance , the protagonist is forced to haul a wagon for a bossy companion . ( `` ' This is called teamwork . I furnish the brains . You furnish the muscles , the aches and the pains . ' '' ) In another scene , he is drafted into the army under the command of the fearsome ( and , ultimately , cowardly ) General Genghis Kahn Schmitz , who abandons him at a critical moment . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the story opens , the young protagonist ( resembling a cat or dog ) lives a happy and carefree life in the Valley of Vung , but one day , all that changes when he goes out for a stroll to look at daisies and hurts himself by tripping over a rock , which sets off the troubles he will soon face . The protagonist vows to be more careful , but a green - headed Quilligan Quail bites his tail from behind ( `` I learned there are troubles of more than one kind ; Some come from ahead and some come from behind '' ) . Worse still , a Skritz dives to sting his neck and a Skrink bites his toe , proving that troubles can come from all directions . </P> <P> As the protagonist tries to fight off his troubles , a man on a One Wheel Wubble drawn by a camel comes up and explains that like the protagonist , he too is experiencing a troubled life and has decided to escape his troubles by going to Solla Sollew , a city on the beautiful banks of the river Wah - Hoo , and known to never have troubles ( at least very few ) . He invites the protagonist to come along with him . Eager to escape his troubles , the protagonist joins the wubble driver , but after a long night of traveling , the camel gets sick and starts to bubble . At first , the driver and protagonist pull him on the wubble , but for the rest of the day , the driver acts lazy and has the protagonist do all the hard work . </P> <P> The next day they thankfully discover a camel doctor , Dr. Sam Snell , who diagnoses their camel with a bad case of gleeks and orders him to bed for twenty weeks . The driver makes it up to the protagonist by telling him he can catch the 4 : 42 bus to Solla Sollew at the nearest bus stop , but when the protagonist gets to the bus stop he learns from a sign tacked on a stick that the Solla Sollew bound bus is out of service ( the driver , Butch Myers , apparently destroyed all his tires from accidentally running over four nails ) , leaving him to hike for one hundred miles . Soon , the poor protagonist is caught in a storm . A kindly stranger tells him that the storm is the infamous `` Midwinter Jicker '' and allows the protagonist to take shelter in his house , where a family of mice and a family of owls are also taking shelter . </P> <P> After a sleepless night and dreaming of sleeping in Solla Sollew , the protagonist awakens to find that the flood - waters have washed the house over a cliff , with him still inside . He spends twelve days in the flood - waters , until somebody rescues him by throwing down a rope . The protagonist climbs the rope , only to discover that his savior is General Genghis Kahn Schmitz , who immediately drafts him into his army for an upcoming battle against the Perilous Poozer of Pompelmoose Pass , a lion - like creature . At the pass , the General discovers he and his army are outnumbered by too many Poozers and orders an immediate retreat without fighting , leaving the protagonist to face the Poozers alone , armed only with `` a shooter and one little bean '' . </P> <P> The protagonist manages to escape the Poozers by diving down an air vent marked `` Vent No. 5 '' but has to spend the next three days trying to find his way through a network of tunnels inhabited by birds , all going in the wrong direction . Close to the end of the third day , he finally finds a door and discovers he 's come out at the beautiful banks of the river Wah - Hoo . Realizing he 's reached his goal , the protagonist rushes out to Solla Sollew . </P> <P> At the gates of Solla Sollew , the protagonist is greeted by a friendly doorman . The doorman explains to the protagonist about the only trouble the city has : a key - slapping slippard has moved into the lock of the door , which happens to be the only way into Solla Sollew , and bugs the doorman by continuously slapping the key out of his hand , preventing anyone from entering the city . As it 's considered bad luck to kill a slippard , the doorman can not do anything to evict this pest , but decides instead to leave Solla Sollew for the city of Boola Boo Ball , on the banks of the beautiful river Woo - Wall , and known to never have troubles ( `` No troubles at all ! ! '' ) and invites the protagonist to come along . </P> <P> At first , the protagonist considers joining the doorman , but realizing that he 's come all this way for nothing , the protagonist , instead , decides to go back home to the Valley of Vung and face his troubles . He now knows he will have troubles for the rest of his life , but he 's ready for them . Armed with a bat , the Protagonist now gives the rocks , quail , skritz , and skrink troubles of their own ( `` But I 've bought a big bat . I 'm all ready , you see . Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me ! '' ) . </P> <H2> In Seussical ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Seussical , the character of General Genghis Kahn Schmitz makes an appearance as a secondary character . He introduces JoJo to the military school in song . This sets up a subplot concerning JoJo in which he is thought to be lost in battle . The character of Schmitz in the play is a cross between the Schmitz seen in the book and the unnamed generals in the Butter Battle Book . </P> <P> Solla Sollew is the subject of a song in which the main characters yearn for a happy resolution to their problems . It is referred to as `` a faraway land , so the stories all tell / somewhere beyond the horizon . '' It is said that `` troubles there are few '' and that `` maybe it 's something like heaven . '' </P> <P> Solla Sollew is believed to be a place of hope and wonder , where `` breezes are warm '' and `` people are kind . '' It is a dream of the characters to find this incredible place , where they will find each other and be happy once and for all . However , they can not ever find it , saying in the song `` when I get close , it disappears '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dr. Seuss </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Cat in the Hat </Li> <Li> The Grinch </Li> <Li> Horton the Elephant </Li> <Li> Bartholomew Cubbins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bibliography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street </Li> <Li> The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins </Li> <Li> The King 's Stilts </Li> <Li> The Seven Lady Godivas </Li> <Li> Horton Hatches the Egg </Li> <Li> McElligot 's Pool </Li> <Li> Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose </Li> <Li> Bartholomew and the Oobleck </Li> <Li> If I Ran the Zoo </Li> <Li> Scrambled Eggs Super ! </Li> <Li> Horton Hears a Who ! </Li> <Li> On Beyond Zebra ! </Li> <Li> If I Ran the Circus </Li> <Li> How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat Comes Back </Li> <Li> Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories </Li> <Li> Happy Birthday to You ! </Li> <Li> Green Eggs and Ham </Li> <Li> One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish </Li> <Li> The Sneetches and Other Stories </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss 's ABC </Li> <Li> Fox in Socks </Li> <Li> Hop on Pop </Li> <Li> I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew </Li> <Li> Come over to My House </Li> <Li> The Foot Book </Li> <Li> I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories </Li> <Li> Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! </Li> <Li> The Lorax </Li> <Li> Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! </Li> <Li> Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? </Li> <Li> Wacky Wednesday </Li> <Li> Great Day for Up ! </Li> <Li> Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! </Li> <Li> The Cat 's Quizzer </Li> <Li> I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! </Li> <Li> Oh Say Can You Say ? </Li> <Li> The Butter Battle Book </Li> <Li> You 're Only Old Once ! </Li> <Li> I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! </Li> <Li> Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! </Li> <Li> There 's a Wocket in My Pocket </Li> <Li> I Wish That I Had Duck Feet </Li> <Li> Daisy - Head Mayzie </Li> <Li> My Many Colored Days </Li> <Li> Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! </Li> <Li> The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories </Li> <Li> Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories </Li> <Li> What Pet Should I Get ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Lorax ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) </Li> <Li> How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Lorax ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Welcome ( Russian short film ) </Li> <Li> Seussical ( musical ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical </Li> <Li> The Grinch ( video game ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) </Li> <Li> `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) </Li> <Li> The Lorax ( play ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Private Snafu </Li> <Li> The Pocket Book of Boners </Li> <Li> Your Job in Germany </Li> <Li> Our Job in Japan </Li> <Li> Design for Death </Li> <Li> The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T </Li> <Li> Hejji </Li> <Li> Society of Red Tape Cutters </Li> <Li> Flit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Fish out of Water </Li> <Li> Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum </Li> <Li> Beginner Books </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss Goes to War </Li> <Li> The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss National Memorial </Li> <Li> Geisel Award </Li> <Li> Geisel Library </Li> <Li> Geisel School of Medicine </Li> <Li> Helen Palmer Geisel </Li> <Li> PM </Li> <Li> Political messages of Dr. Seuss </Li> <Li> Read Across America </Li> <Li> Seuss Landing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia \u00ae is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "Shape of You - wikipedia <H1> Shape of You </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Beverley Knight song , see Shape of You ( Reshaped ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> `` Shape of You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Single by Ed Sheeran </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> from the album \u00f7 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> dancehall </Li> <Li> tropical house </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asylum </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sheeran </Li> <Li> Steve Mac </Li> <Li> Johnny McDaid </Li> <Li> Kandi Burruss </Li> <Li> Tameka Cottle </Li> <Li> Kevin Briggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sheeran </Li> <Li> Steve Mac </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Ed Sheeran singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> `` Shape of You '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Shape of You '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran . It was released as a digital download on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album \u00f7 ( 2017 ) , along with `` Castle on the Hill '' . </P> <P> The dancehall - infused pop song was written by Ed Sheeran together with Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , with additional writing credits given to Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs as Sheeran had incorporated an interpolation of the TLC 's song `` No Scrubs '' into `` Shape of You '' . The song was produced by Sheeran and Mac . </P> <P> `` Shape of You '' peaked at number - one on the singles charts of 44 countries , including the US Billboard Hot 100 ( later becoming the best performing song of 2017 ) , as well as the UK , Australian and Canadian singles charts . It has stayed at number one for a record - tying 16 consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 , as well as 14 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and 12 non-consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . On 21 September 2017 it became the most streamed song on Spotify , with over 1.32 billion streams . It was the best - selling song of 2017 in the UK . </P> <P> The song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Composition </Li> <Li> 1.2 Promotion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 5 Music videos </Li> <Li> 6 Remixes </Li> <Li> 7 Usage in media </Li> <Li> 8 Formats and track listings </Li> <Li> 9 Credits and personnel </Li> <Li> 10 Charts <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sales and certifications </Li> <Li> 12 Release history </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Composition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song was the last song written for Sheeran 's third album \u00f7 . On 6 January 2017 , when hosting The Radio 1 Breakfast Show , Sheeran revealed that `` Shape of You '' had originally been written with Rihanna in mind . As he had already written all the songs he wanted for the album , the song was therefore not intended to be included in the album . It was conceived as a duet between Rihanna and Rudimental , but the head of the record label convinced him to keep the song for himself . He said : </P> <P> `` ( ' Shape of You ' ) is actually a really random one because I went in to write songs for other people with a guy called Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , and we were writing this song and I was like ' this would really work for Rihanna , ' '' he explained . `` And then I started singing lyrics like ' putting Van The Man on the jukebox ' and I was like ' well she 's not really going to sing that , is she ? ' And then we sort of decided halfway through that we were just going to make it for me . '' </P> <P> According to Sheeran , Steve Mac started the song - writing session by playing the opening notes of the song on the keyboard . Sheeran then joined in , adding percussion by tapping on the guitar , layering it onto the track . On the writing of the song , he said that he tried to keep the music `` more stripped '' instead of something more elaborate : `` I 'm an acoustic artist , first and foremost . And when I play live , I ca n't replicate these things , I have n't got all the other musicians . '' Sheeran said he wanted an R&B feel to the song , therefore he adjusted the original tune , adding an interpolation of `` No Scrubs '' onto part of the melody . He also revealed that the original lyrics did not end with the words `` the shape of you '' in the chorus , but during the writing of the song , McDaid thought that the lyrics `` I 'm in love with your body '' sounded objectifying , and the lyrics was therefore adjusted . </P> <H3> Promotion ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 4 January 2017 , Sheeran uploaded a six - second teaser video of a blue background to social media , with lyrics `` the club is n't the best place to find a lover '' , which is the first line of `` Shape of You '' . To further tease the release , Sheeran and his label used a sponsored Snapchat lens filter with 30 seconds on the song to increase buzz among the general public . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Shape of You '' is a pop , dancehall and tropical house song with `` strummy acoustics . '' In the song , Sheeran sings over a marimba - fueled percussive sway about a budding romance . `` The club is n't the best place to find a lover , so the bar is where I go / Me and my friends at the table doing shots drinking fast and then we talk slow '' , he sings . `` Come over and start up a conversation with just me / And trust me I 'll give it a chance . '' According to NT News , the song `` tells the story of loved ( or lusted ) up Sheeran meeting a girl in a bar where he and his mates are doing shots . '' `` Shape of You '' is written in the key of C \u266f minor with a tempo of 96 beats per minute . The song is composed in common time ( time ) , and follows a basic chord progression of C \u266f m -- F \u266f m -- A -- B ( i -- iv -- VI -- VII ) , and Sheeran 's vocals span from G \u266f to G \u266f . </P> <P> The song 's lyrical rhythm drew comparisons to the TLC song `` No Scrubs '' , particularly in the pre-chorus line , `` Boy , let 's not talk too much / Grab on my waist and put that body on me . '' As a result , the composers of `` No Scrubs '' , Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs , were awarded co-writing credits on `` Shape of You '' . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said , `` ' Shape of You ' is trickier , a nimble and effective song that takes the aggressive thinning of ' Caribbean music ' . '' Billboard 's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying , `` ' Shape of You ' does n't quite sound like your typical Sheeran tune . But that almost serves as an indication of what the `` Thinking Out Loud '' singer has been up to during his hiatus : creating music that still feels like Sheeran , just with a new twist . '' Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review , stating that the song `` is a plausible attempt at convincing us he has had sex ... a lot of it . It kind of slaps , though you ca n't really picture Sheeran ever saying ' put that body on me ' to a real human woman . '' News website Metro wrote that it sounds similar to the song `` Cheap Thrills '' by Sia . </P> <H2> Commercial Performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Shape of You '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January , selling 227,000 combined units in its first week . Sheeran also debuted at number 2 with the song `` Castle on the Hill '' , making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions . `` Shape of You '' debuted at number two on the Scottish Singles Chart behind `` Castle on the Hill '' . The song was certified Silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units and Gold in the second week selling 400,000 units . The song remained at number one in its second week , selling 139,000 . It has stayed at number one for 13 consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and a further week at the top after a week 's interruption by Harry Styles ' `` Sign of the Times '' . In July 2017 , the song reached 184 million in streams , making it the most - streamed song in the UK of all time . It was the nation 's highest selling and most streamed track of 2017 with 787,000 copies sold and 248 million streams throughout the year , to produce a combined sales of 3.2 million . It is the 3rd best - selling single in the United Kingdom regarding combined sales and streaming equivalent as of September 19 , 2017 . </P> <P> The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 240,000 downloads and gaining 20 million streams in its debut week in the US , becoming Sheeran 's first number one song in the country . Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 the same week in the history of the Hot 100 , with `` Castle on the Hill '' also debuting at number six . `` Shape of You '' topped the Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks . In its fourth week at number one , the song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one single on the chart ( after 2015 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' ) . On 6 May 2017 , it fell to number two on the Hot 100 , being displaced by `` Humble '' by Kendrick Lamar . On the issue date , 2 September 2017 , `` Shape of You '' spent its 32nd week in the top ten of Hot 100 , tying the record for most week on that chart with LeAnn Rimes ' `` How Do I Live '' and `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey . The following week , `` Shape of You '' spent its 33rd consecutive week in the top 10 , breaking the 20 - year - old record . On Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , `` Shape of You '' became Sheeran 's first number one on a Dance / EDM chart ( his third top ten and sixth overall at Dance / Mix Show Airplay ) in the United States . Afterwards , the song topped Dance Club Songs in its 18 March 2017 issue , his first as a solo artist and his second entry on this chart , when he was a featured artist on Rudimental 's `` Lay It All on Me '' , which peaked at No. 38 in 2016 . By August 2017 , `` Shape of You '' was the best selling song of 2017 in the US with 2.3 million copies sold , the only one to sell over two million . It is also the most streamed song with 799.7 million combined audio and video streams . The song became the number one song of the year on Billboard Hot 100 in 2017 , and the second best - selling song in the US after `` Despacito '' with over 2.5 million copies sold . </P> <P> It debuted at number one in France , and was later certified diamond there . According to Pure Charts , in the first half of the year 2017 , the song reached 631,000 units ( 105,000 sales and 526,000 units from streams ) and as of September 2017 , it exceeds 812,109 units ( 707,109 from streams ) . In Australia , the song stayed at No. 1 for 15 weeks , breaking a record set 22 years ago by Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' . In doing this , it also broke ABBA 's record of fourteen weeks at number one , which was set on the previous Australian charts before the ARIA charts became Australia 's official charts . `` Shape of You '' was also Australia 's highest selling song of 2017 with 630,000 copies sold by the end of the year . The song is the first ever number one single of the Philippine Hot 100 upon the chart 's inception on 12 June 2017 . It stayed at the peak position for 4 consecutive weeks before it was dethroned by `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . </P> <P> Worldwide , the song reached one billion streams on Spotify in June 2017 . It became the most streamed song on Spotify in September 2017 , reaching 1,318,420,396 streams overtaking Drake 's `` One Dance '' . </P> <H2> Music videos ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 5 January 2017 , to accompany the song 's release , a lyric video for `` Shape of You '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel with `` Castle on the Hill '' . As of February 2018 , the official lyric video has amassed over 750 million views on YouTube . </P> <P> On 30 January 2017 , the song 's official music video , starring American dancer and model Jennie Pegouskie and retired professional sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ry\u016bta ( credited as `` Yama '' ) , was released on Sheeran 's channel . It was shot on location in Seattle , and was directed by Jason Koenig . On 8 May 2017 , 97 days after its release , it became one of the fastest music videos to reach 1 billion views on YouTube , and as of February 2018 , the music video has amassed over 3.2 billion views on the site . and is the site 's third most - watched video . </P> <H2> Remixes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The official remix of `` Shape of You '' features newly additional verses and guest vocals by English grime artist Stormzy . The remix premiered during Sheeran and Stormzy 's live collaboration at the 2017 Brit Awards at The O2 in London on 22 February 2017 . Sheeran announced on Twitter that the remix would be released officially on 24 February 2017 . On the same date , various remixes of the song were released on digital music services . Sheeran teased the releases ahead of 2017 Brit Awards ceremony . `` I 've got two things dropping on Friday that are pretty interesting '' , he revealed in a BBC Radio 1 interview just hours before the big show . `` One that gets debuted at the Brits , which I think people will go a bit nuts for . '' He added , `` It 's something that I think nobody is expecting . I think it 'll be decent . '' </P> <P> In the United States , `` Shape of You '' has immediately become a favorite among DJs and remixers , prompting several of them to create their own versions . One DJ , Joe `` Maz '' Masurka , told Billboard that after he did his own remix on the single that he received a lot of great feedback and response : `` I absolutely love the track , so I had to remix it myself so that I could play it in all my live shows . Ed is a genius ; best song in the last few years . I 've been playing it literally everywhere I 've been booked since about mid-January : Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas , E11even and Ora in Miami , Parq in San Diego , Premier Atlantic City ... the dance floor loves it . '' A Latin remix featuring reggaeton duo Zion & Lennox was released on 17 March 2017 . Sheeran and American rapper Lil Uzi Vert performed a live remix of `` Shape Of You '' during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards , followed by a rendition of Lil Uzi Vert 's song `` XO Tour Llif3 '' . </P> <H2> Usage in Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> It was one of the few songs used in Youtube 's 2017 Rewind . </P> <P> The song is also used in an episode in the French version of Skam . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Digital download </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Galantis remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Galantis remix ) -- 3 : 15 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Acoustic ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Stormzy remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Stormzy remix ) -- 3 : 51 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Major Lazer remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Major Lazer remix featuring Nyla & Kramium ) -- 3 : 12 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Latin remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox ) -- 3 : 57 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> <Dl> <Dt> German CD single </Dt> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single ( Wale remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Wale remix ) -- 4 : 02 </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single ( Remixes ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins remix ) -- 6 : 09 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins radio edit ) -- 3 : 20 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Promo Only Jack Wins intro edit ) -- 3 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Decoy remix ) -- 2 : 55 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single ( DJ Mike D remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D radio edit ) -- 3 : 51 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D mixshow edit ) -- 4 : 17 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 53 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Yxng Bane remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Yxng Bane remix ) -- 4 : 25 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( NOTD remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 10 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Credits and personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Recording </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Recorded at Rokstone Studios ( London ) and Gingerbread Man Studios ( Suffolk and London ) </Li> <Li> Mixed at The Mixsuite ( South London and Los Angeles ) </Li> <Li> Mastered at Metropolis Mastering ( London ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Management </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Published by Ed Sheeran Limited and Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( UK ) Limited , Spirit B Unique Music / Polar Patrol administered by Kobalt Music Publishing Ltd . ( PRS ) and Rokstone Music Limited administered under exclusive license to Universal Music Publishing Limited </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Personnel </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sheeran -- songwriter , lead vocals , background vocals , co-producer , guitars , percussion </Li> <Li> Johnny McDaid -- songwriter </Li> <Li> Steve Mac -- songwriter , producer , keyboards </Li> <Li> Dann Pursey -- engineering </Li> <Li> Chris Laws -- engineering , drums </Li> <Li> Joe Rubel -- engineering </Li> <Li> Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing </Li> <Li> Geoff Swan -- mixing assistant </Li> <Li> Michael Freeman -- mixing assistant </Li> <Li> Wayne Hernandez -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Travis Cole -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Geo Gabriel -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Stuart Hawkes -- mastering </Li> </Ul> <P> Credits and personnel adapted from \u00f7 album liner notes . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( \u00d63 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada AC ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colombia ( National - Report ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Croatia ( HRT ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( R\u00e1dio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Singles Digit\u00e1l Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece Airplay Chart ( IFPI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Israel ( Media Forest ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia ( RIM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico ( AMPROFON ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Romania ( Media Forest ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( R\u00e1dio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Singles Digit\u00e1l Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ukraine Airplay ( Tophit ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venezuela English ( Record Report ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( \u00d63 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Israel ( Media Forest ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia ( RIM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG Lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( ZPAV ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 9 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 630,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( IFPI Austria ) </Th> <Td> 2 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> 6 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) </Th> <Td> 4 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 250.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> 4 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 500.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan ( RIAJ ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> 5 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( ZPAV ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea ( Gaon ) </Th> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1,936,653 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 9 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> 9 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> 7 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 210,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> 5 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,787.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 8 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 8.000. 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Version </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> 6 January 2017 </Td> <Td> Contemporary hit radio </Td> <Td> Original </Td> <Td> Warner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> Asylum </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> 10 January 2017 </Td> <Td> Atlantic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Various </Th> <Td> 10 February 2017 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> Galantis remix and Acoustic </Td> <Td> Asylum </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 February 2017 </Td> <Td> Stormzy remix and Major Lazer remix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> <Td> Original </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> 17 March 2017 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Various </Th> <Td> 11 August 2017 </Td> <Td> Yxng Bane remix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 September 2017 </Td> <Td> NOTD remix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> List of best - selling singles in Australia </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) </Li> <Li> List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Ultratop 50 Wallonia number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Finland ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Hungary ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) </Li> <Li> List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one songs in Norway </Li> <Li> List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) </Li> <Li> List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) </Li> <Li> Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Adult Top 40 number - one songs of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of number - one Billboard On - Demand Songs of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one dance singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of most liked YouTube videos </Li> <Li> List of most streamed songs on Spotify </Li> <Li> List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> List of most viewed YouTube videos </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u00f7 ( Deluxe ) by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Repertory '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shape of You -- Single by Ed Sheeran on Apple Music '' . iTunes. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espinoza , Joshua ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Returns With Two New Tracks `` Castle on the Hill '' and `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike . `` Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape Of You '' Video Is A Sporty Romance `` . Idolator . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor Beldy , Alicia Desantis , Alexandra Eaton , Evan Grothjan and Graham Rober . `` ' Shape of You ' : Making 2017 's Biggest Track '' . The New York Times . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jonze , Tim ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo debut single ends Ed Sheeran 's 13 weeks at top of charts '' . Guardian . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week , as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4 '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Marc ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Surpasses Drake 's ' One Dance ' as Spotify 's Most - Streamed Song Ever '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 60th GRAMMY Awards : Full Nominees List Grammy.com , November 28 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Says That `` Shape Of You '' Was Initially Meant For Rihanna `` . Idolator. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is back -- listen '' . Official Charts Company . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Is Back '' . MTV . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Breaks Down the Massive Success of ' Shape of You ' '' . Billboar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Debated Giving Rihanna 's New Song ' Shape of You ' '' . Billboard. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran releases two new tracks and teases one with a Snapchat lens '' . cnbc.com . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Ed Sheeran Returns With A Pair Of New Singles '' . Forbes . Forbes Media LLC . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick . `` Why is Ed Sheeran so popular ? '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Music Friday : 9 New Songs To Hear Now '' . Entertainment Weekly . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hear Ed Sheeran 's Castle on the Hill and Shape of You '' . Rolling Stone . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran releases sings about booze and Elton John in his new songs '' . NT News . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Ed Sheeran ' Shape of You ' Sheet Music `` '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith , Da'Shan ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Adds TLC 's ' No Scrubs ' Songwriters to ' Shape of You ' Credits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The playlist : Ed Sheeran Returns With a Foot in the Past and an Eye on the Future '' . The New York Times . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran drops awaited new music , listen to `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' `` . Billboard. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Release Two Songs , Is n't So Bad '' . Spin. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran drops two new singles -- and everyone reckons one sounds just like Sia 's Cheap Thrills '' . Metro UK . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob . `` Ed Sheeran scores biggest Official UK Chart comeback since Adele '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Shape Of You returns to Number 1 as his arena tour sweeps the UK '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Shape Of You becomes the UK 's most streamed track of all time '' . Musicnews.com. 5 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . The Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Ties Record for Most Weeks in Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi , Daddy Yankee & Justin Bieber 's ' Despacito ' Ties for Longest Run at No. 1 in Hot 100 's History '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez 's ' It Ai n't Me ' Debuts in Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Chart 's Top 10 '' from Billboard ( 22 February 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs -- March 18 , 2017 '' . Billboard. 7 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Charge to Third Consecutive No. 1 on Hot Dance / Electronic Songs '' from Billboard ( 9 March 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Year in Charts 2017 : Ed Sheeran Is Top Artist , Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' Rules Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications -- SNEP '' . SNEP ( in French ) . 2013 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Streaming : `` Shape of You '' d'Ed Sheeran \u00e9tablit un record historique en France `` . chartsinfrance.net . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape Of You ' Breaks 22 - Year - Old Chart Record Down Under '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran breaks Australian music chart record with Shape of You '' . News.com.au. 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` There 's a reason why you heard so much Ed Sheeran last year '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Philippines Launches First National Charts '' . Billboard . June 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 9 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran song ' Shape of You ' hits one billion streams on Spotify '' . The Independent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' : One Billion Spotify Plays '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea . `` Hear Ed Sheeran 's ' Castle on the Hill , ' ' Shape of You ' '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Official Lyric Video ) '' . YouTube . 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kautman , Gil . `` Ed Sheeran Gets His ' Rocky ' On in Boxing - Focused ' Shape of You ' Video '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schnurr , Samantha . `` Ed Sheeran Transforms Into a Boxer in Love for `` Shape of You '' Music Video `` . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Shares New Video for `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch The Moment Ed Sheeran Brought Out Stormzy At The 2017 BRIT Awards '' . Capital XTRA. 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Stormzy Remix ) Lyrics '' . Genius . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Drops Stormzy & Major Lazer Remixes of ' Shape of You ' : Listen '' . Billboard. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Has Become a Rare Two - Week No. 1 on Dance Club Songs '' from Billboard ( 16 March 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ YouTube Spotlight ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) , YouTube Rewind : The Shape of 2017 # YouTubeRewind , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Music from Skam France S1E02 '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shape of You : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Galantis Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Acoustic ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Stormzy Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Major Lazer Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Latin Remix ) ( feat . Zion & Lennox ) '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( 2 - Track ) -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Wale Remix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( Remixes ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You ( DJ Mike D Remix ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' . Discogs . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You ( Yxng Bane Remix ) : Ed Sheeran '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( NOTD Remix ) '' . iTunes Store . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \u00f7 ( CD ) . Ed Sheeran . Asylum Records / Atlantic Records . 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in German ) . \u00d63 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 21 del 2017 - Del 19 / 05 / 2017 al 25 / 05 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 12 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 40 '' . HRT . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u010cNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Radio Top 100 Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u010cNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Digital Top 100 Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Shape of You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Greek ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales , 4 February 2017 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arch\u00edvum -- Sl\u00e1gerlist\u00e1k -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiad\u00f3k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arch\u00edvum -- Sl\u00e1gerlist\u00e1k -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 40 j\u00e1tsz\u00e1si lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiad\u00f3k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arch\u00edvum -- Sl\u00e1gerlist\u00e1k -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiad\u00f3k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Shape of You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 12 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Ed Sheeran '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Streaming ( del 20 de Enero al 26 de Enero ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 20 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Listy bestseller\u00f3w , wyr\u00f3\u017cnienia : : Zwi\u0105zek Producent\u00f3w Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Listy bestseller\u00f3w , wyr\u00f3\u017cnienia : : Zwi\u0105zek Producent\u00f3w Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 11 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Radio Top 100 Ofici\u00e1lna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201706 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Singles Digital Top 100 Ofici\u00e1lna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 02 -- 2017.18. 02 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Ukraine Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 21 ) '' . Tophit . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 1 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual Argentina '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2017 ARIA Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u00d63 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saiba qual a m\u00fasica mais tocada em 2017 nas r\u00e1dios brasileiras '' . Billboard Brasil. 2 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 100 - hallgatotts\u00e1gi adatok alapj\u00e1n - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - elad\u00e1si darabsz\u00e1m alapj\u00e1n - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest. bizz . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi pi\u00f9 venduti e dei singoli pi\u00f9 scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2017 RIM Charts Highlights '' . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u00c5rslisten 2017 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norge . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej tr\u00f3jce Sheeran , Ti\u00ebsto i Hy\u017cy '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones + Streaming Anual 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u00c5rslista Singlar -- \u00c5r 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Shape Of You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop \u2212 Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape of You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Select 2018 \u5e74 \u6708 on the drop - down menu </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ko : 2017 \ub144 \ucd1d\uacb0\uc0b0 Download Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape Of You '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2018 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape Of You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Enter Shape of You in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You RadioDate '' . Radio airplay fm. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 6 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases -- Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> Filming Locations </Li> <Li> New York Times video and text analysis of song </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ed Sheeran songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> + </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The A Team '' </Li> <Li> `` Drunk '' </Li> <Li> `` Small Bump '' </Li> <Li> `` Lego House '' </Li> <Li> `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me Love '' </Li> <Li> `` The Parting Glass '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> x </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` One '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm a Mess '' </Li> <Li> `` Sing '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't '' </Li> <Li> `` Photograph '' </Li> <Li> `` Bloodstream '' </Li> <Li> `` Tenerife Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` The Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Thinking Out Loud '' </Li> <Li> `` Afire Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> \u00f7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Eraser '' </Li> <Li> `` Castle on the Hill '' </Li> <Li> `` Dive '' </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Perfect '' </Li> <Li> `` Galway Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Happier '' </Li> <Li> `` New Man '' </Li> <Li> `` What Do I Know ? '' </Li> <Li> `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Supermarket Flowers '' </Li> <Li> `` Nancy Mulligan '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All About It '' </Li> <Li> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Dreamers '' </Li> <Li> `` Everything Has Changed '' </Li> <Li> `` Hush Little Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Could '' </Li> <Li> `` Lay It All on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Old School Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Reuf '' </Li> <Li> `` Teardrop '' </Li> <Li> `` Watchtower '' </Li> <Li> `` Young Guns '' </Li> <Li> `` Boa Me '' </Li> <Li> `` End Game '' </Li> <Li> `` River '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All of the Stars '' </Li> <Li> `` Candle in the Wind '' </Li> <Li> `` I See Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Make It Rain '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Stormzy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gang Signs & Prayer ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Know Me From '' </Li> <Li> `` Big for Your Boots '' </Li> <Li> `` Cold '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Good Goodbye '' </Li> <Li> `` Power '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Shape of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Shut Up '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill </Li> <Li> 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse </Li> <Li> 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback </Li> <Li> 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent </Li> <Li> 2004 : `` Yeah ! 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Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears </Li> <Li> 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas </Li> <Li> 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley </Li> <Li> 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna </Li> <Li> 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra </Li> <Li> 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars </Li> <Li> 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_of_You&oldid=826239448 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 singles </Li> <Li> 2017 songs </Li> <Li> Ed Sheeran songs </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Australia </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Austria </Li> <Li> Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Dutch Top 40 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Single Top 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Irish Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Denmark </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Finland </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Italy </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Norway </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Poland </Li> <Li> Number 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    "document_text": "Nashville sound - wikipedia <H1> Nashville sound </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Nashville sound </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stylistic origins </Th> <Td> Country music , pop music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultural origins </Th> <Td> 1950s Nashville , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Typical instruments </Th> <Td> Guitar , strings , bass , drum , banjo , vocals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Derivative forms </Th> <Td> Countrypolitan , country pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Other topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Country musicians -- List of years in country music </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Nashville sound originated during the mid 1950s as a subgenre of American country music , replacing the chart dominance of the rough honky tonk music which was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s with `` smooth strings and choruses '' , `` sophisticated background vocals '' and `` smooth tempos '' . It was an attempt `` to revive country sales , which had been devastated by the rise of rock ' n ' roll . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2 Countrypolitan </Li> <Li> 3 Country pop </Li> <Li> 4 Examples of the Nashville sound </Li> <Li> 5 Examples of Countrypolitan </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Nashville sound was pioneered by staff at Decca Records , RCA Records and Columbia Records in Nashville , Tennessee , including manager Steve Sholes , record producers Chet Atkins , Owen Bradley , and Bob Ferguson , and recording engineer Bill Porter . They invented the form by replacing elements of the popular honky tonk style ( fiddles , steel guitar , nasal lead vocals ) with `` smooth '' elements from 1950s pop music ( string sections , background vocals , crooning lead vocals ) , and using `` slick '' production , and pop music structures . The producers relied on a small group of studio musicians known as the Nashville A-Team , whose quick adaptability and creative input made them vital to the hit - making process . The Anita Kerr Quartet was the main vocal backing group in the early 1960s . In 1960 , Time magazine reported that Nashville had `` nosed out Hollywood as the nation 's second biggest ( after New York ) record - producing center . '' </P> <P> The term `` Nashville Sound '' was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter and again in 1960 in a Time magazine article about Reeves . Other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound . Country historian Rich Kienzle says that `` Gone '' , a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956 , `` may well have pointed the way to the Nashville sound . '' Writer Colin Escott proclaims Jim Reeves ' `` Four Walls '' , recorded February 1957 , to be the `` first ' Nashville sound ' record '' , and Chet Atkins , the RCA - based producer and guitarist most often credited with being the sound 's primary artistic brainchild , pointed to his production of Don Gibson 's `` Oh Lonesome Me '' late that same year . </P> <P> In an essay published in Heartaches by the Number : Country Music 's 500 Greatest Singles , David Cantwell argues that Elvis Presley 's rock and roll recording of `` Do n't Be Cruel '' in July 1956 was the record that sparked the beginning of the era now called the Nashville sound . </P> <P> Regarding the Nashville sound , the record producer Owen Bradley stated , `` Now we 've cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music . But it ca n't stop there . It always has to keep developing to keep fresh . '' </P> <H2> Countrypolitan ( edit ) </H2> Lynn Anderson <P> In the early 1960s , the Nashville sound began to be challenged by the rival Bakersfield sound on the country side and by the British Invasion on the pop side ; compounding these problems were the sudden deaths , in separate airplane crashes , of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves , two of the Nashville Sound 's biggest stars . Nashville 's pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called Countrypolitan - a smoother sound typified through the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often , background vocals provided by a choir . Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s . Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill ( who was instrumental in shaping Tammy Wynette 's early career ) and Glenn Sutton . Artists who typified the countrypolitan sound initially included Wynette , Glen Campbell ( who recorded in Hollywood and not Nashville ) , Lynn Anderson , Charlie Rich , and Charley Pride , the latter being a rare example of a top - selling African - American country performer . </P> <P> The Bakersfield sound , and later outlaw country , dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts . </P> <P> Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was , Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket , shake his loose change , and say `` That 's what it is . It 's the sound of money '' . </P> <H2> Country pop ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Country pop <P> By the late 1970s and 1980s , many pop music singers picked up the countrypolitan style and created what is known as country pop , the fusion of country music and soft rock . </P> <H2> Examples of the Nashville sound ( edit ) </H2> <P> Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Four Walls '' by Jim Reeves ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> `` Gone '' by Ferlin Husky ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Fallen Star '' by Jimmy C. Newman ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Three Bells '' by The Browns ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> `` He 'll Have to Go '' by Jim Reeves ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> `` Last Date '' by Floyd Cramer ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Sorry '' by Brenda Lee ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Fall to Pieces '' by Patsy Cline ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hello Fool '' by Ralph Emery ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Little Bitty Tear '' , `` Call Me Mister In - Between '' , and `` It 's Just My Funny Way of Laughin ' '' by Burl Ives ( 1962 ) ( Ives was not a country singer , but a folk singer . ) </Li> <Li> `` The End of the World '' by Skeeter Davis ( 1963 ) This record was a mainstream pop chart hit . </Li> <Li> `` Here Comes My Baby '' by Dottie West ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> `` Make the World Go Away '' by Eddy Arnold ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> `` Misty Blue '' by Wilma Burgess ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> `` Danny Boy '' by Ray Price ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Examples of Countrypolitan ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` ( I Never Promised You a ) Rose Garden '' by Lynn Anderson ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' by Sammi Smith ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> `` Kiss an Angel Good Morning '' by Charley Pride </Li> <Li> `` Eleven Roses '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> `` Behind Closed Doors '' by Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Good News '' by Jody Miller ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Most Beautiful Girl '' by Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Paper Roses '' by Marie Osmond ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' by Glen Campbell ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' by George Jones ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> `` Slow Hand '' by Conway Twitty ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The music of Ronnie Milsap </Li> <Li> `` Lady '' , `` You Decorated My Life '' and similar songs by Kenny Rogers </Li> <Li> `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' by Gretchen Wilson ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Nashville A-Team </Li> <Li> Nashville Sounds , a baseball team that borrows its name from the style </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Byworth , Tony , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Country Music . London : Flame Tree Publishing . pp. 7 , 115 -- 117 , 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84451 - 406 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dawidoff , Nicholas ( 1997 ) . In the Country of Country . Great Britain : Faber and Faber . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19174 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Tennessee Encyclopedia . Nashville Recording Industry . Accessed April 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sanjek , Russell . ( 1988 ) . `` American Popular Music and Its Business : the first four hundred years '' . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504311 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://countrymusichalloffame.com/site/explore-history-postelvis.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Ivey , Encyclopedia of Country Music </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Nashville Sound '' Begins `` . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music ( 1st ed . ) . Fulham , London : Flame Tree Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 904041 - 96 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.emusic.com/features/spotlight/286_200709.html </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Country music genres </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> Alternative country </Li> <Li> Americana </Li> <Li> Australian country </Li> <Li> Bakersfield sound </Li> <Li> Bluegrass </Li> <Li> Bro - country </Li> <Li> Canadian country </Li> <Li> Country folk </Li> <Li> Country pop </Li> <Li> Country rap </Li> <Li> Country rock </Li> <Li> Cowpunk </Li> <Li> Southern soul </Li> <Li> Honky tonk </Li> <Li> Nashville sound </Li> <Li> Neotraditional country </Li> <Li> Outlaw country </Li> <Li> Progressive country </Li> <Li> Red Dirt </Li> <Li> Rockabilly </Li> <Li> Texas country </Li> <Li> Western swing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Country music portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashville_sound&oldid=787335589 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Country music genres </Li> <Li> Pop music genres </Li> <Li> Nashville , Tennessee </Li> <Li> Music of Tennessee </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Espa\u00f1ol </Li> <Li> Fran\u00e7ais </Li> <Li> \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> \u65e5\u672c \u8a9e </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 20 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia \u00ae is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "The New Atlantis ( journal ) - wikipedia <H1> The New Atlantis ( journal ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The New Atlantis <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor </Th> <Td> Ari Schulman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Quarterly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> The Center for the Study of Technology and Society , The Ethics and Public Policy Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year founded </Th> <Td> 2003 ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based in </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.thenewatlantis.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISSN </Th> <Td> 1543 - 1215 ( print ) 1555 - 5569 ( web ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC number </Th> <Td> 56518547 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The New Atlantis , founded in 2003 , is a quarterly journal about the social , ethical , political , and policy dimensions of modern science and technology . The journal is published in Washington , D.C. by the social conservative advocacy group the Ethics and Public Policy Center in partnership with the Center for the Study of Technology and Society . It is edited by Ari Schulman , having previously been edited by co-founders Eric Cohen and Adam Keiper . </P> <P> The journal 's name is taken from Francis Bacon 's utopian novella New Atlantis , which the journal 's editors describe as a `` fable of a society living with the benefits and challenges of advanced science and technology . '' An editorial in the inaugural issue states that the aim of the journal is `` to help us avoid the extremes of euphoria and despair that new technologies too often arouse ; and to help us judge when mobilizing our technological prowess is sensible or necessary , and when the preservation of things that count requires limiting the kinds of technological power that would lessen , cheapen , or ultimately destroy us . '' Writing for National Review , editor Adam Keiper described The New Atlantis as being written from a `` particularly American and conservative way of thinking about both the blessings and the burdens of modern science and technology . '' New Atlantis authors and bioethicists publishing in other journals have also similarly referred to The New Atlantis as being written from a social conservative stance which utilizes religion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Subjects </Li> <Li> 2 Book Series </Li> <Li> 3 Contributors </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Subjects ( edit ) </H2> <P> The New Atlantis tends to publish views in favor of technological innovation but wary of certain avenues of development . For example , the journal has generally advocated nuclear energy ; space exploration and development through public - private partnerships , including manned missions to Mars ; biofuels ; and genetically modified foods . But it has expressed ambivalent or critical views about developments in synthetic biology and military technologies like drones , chemical weapons , and cyberwarfare . Articles often explore policy questions on these and other issues , sometimes advocating particular policy outcomes , especially on health care , environmental management , and energy . </P> <P> The journal has published widely on bioethics , including issues such as stem cell research , assisted reproduction , cloning , assisted suicide , organ and tissue donation , the purported link between vaccines and autism , and informed consent . Articles on these issues often highlight the potential for dangerous or degrading developments , including concerns over human dignity , with many articles examining human enhancement , and life extension , and historical precedents for abuse in eugenics and population control . </P> <P> The journal also features broader philosophical reflections on science and technology , and tends to be skeptical of what its authors consider to be speculative overreach common in popular discussions . Examples include articles that have defended the existence of free will in light of developments in neuroscience , questioned the wisdom of using brain scans in courtrooms , and described how growing knowledge of epigenetics has undermined common claims about genetic determinism . While the journal has sometimes aired libertarian views about human enhancement and transhumanism , its contributors generally tend to question whether technologies like artificial intelligence , `` friendly '' artificial intelligence , and genetic enhancement are possible or desirable . The journal also publishes the Futurisms blog , dedicated to criticizing transhumanism . </P> <P> The journal has also published widely on the interpersonal effects of the Internet and digital technology . It has featured articles on subjects like Facebook , cell phones , multitasking , e-readers , GPS and navigation , and virtual reality . A 2006 article by Matthew B. Crawford advocating the intellectual and economic virtues of the manual trades was noted as a best - of - the - year essay by New York Times columnist David Brooks , and was subsequently expanded into the bestselling book Shop Class as Soulcraft . The journal also frequently publishes essays on philosophical and literary questions relating to science and technology . </P> <H2> Book series ( edit ) </H2> <P> The New Atlantis also publishes a book series , New Atlantis Books , an imprint of Encounter Books . To date , six books have been released : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the Shadow of Progress : Being Human in the Age of Technology ISBN 9781594032080 ( 2008 ) , by Eric Cohen </Li> <Li> Imagining the Future : Science and American Democracy ISBN 9781594032097 ( 2008 ) , by Yuval Levin </Li> <Li> Neither Beast nor God : The Dignity of the Human Person ISBN 9781594032578 ( 2009 ) , by Gilbert Meilaender </Li> <Li> Merchants of Despair : Radical Environmentalists , Criminal Pseudo-Scientists , and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism ISBN 9781594034763 ( 2012 ) , by Robert Zubrin </Li> <Li> Why Place Matters : Geography , Identity , and Civic Life in Modern America ISBN 9781594037160 ( 2014 ) , edited by Wilfred M. McClay and Ted . V. McAllister </Li> <Li> Eclipse of Man : Human Extinction and the Meaning of Progress ISBN 9781594037368 ( 2014 ) , by Charles T. Rubin </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contributors ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Among the more notable contributors to the journal are physicians and bioethicists such as President 's Council on Bioethics chairman Leon Kass and neuroscientist William B. Hurlbut ; prominent scientists such as Raymond Tallis , Sara Seager , and Marcelo Gleiser ; political scientists , legal and ethical scholars , and policy analysts such as Yuval Levin , Robert P. George , Peter Augustine Lawler , Diana Schaub , Charles T. Rubin , Jeffrey Rosen , Larry Arnhart , and Jonathan B. Tucker ; think - tank scholars such as Nicholas Eberstadt , Roger Bate , Henry Sokolski , and Robert D. Atkinson ; space experts and entrepreneurs such as Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin , James C. Bennett , and Jeff Foust ; and philosophers , historians , authors , and journalists such as Roger Scruton , Gertrude Himmelfarb , Matthew B. Crawford , Harvey Mansfield , Wilfred M. McClay , Ross Douthat , Victor Davis Hanson , Alan Jacobs , Varadaraja V. Raman , Stephen D. Snobelen , Andrew Janiak , William R. Newman , and Ronald Bailey . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Writing for the National Review in a 2003 column , the conservative author Stanley Kurtz described The New Atlantis as influential on thinking about science and technology . </P> <P> Richard John Neuhaus , late editor of the conservative journal First Things , wrote that The New Atlantis is `` as good a publication as there is for the intelligent exploration of questions in bioethics and projections -- promising , ominous , and fantastical -- about the human future , '' and a writer in The American Conservative described the journal as a source `` of fresh ideas on the Right . '' National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg described The New Atlantis as `` a new and interesting magazine '' that `` seems to be trying to carve out the space for the government to stop the more offensive aspects of biotechnology . '' </P> <P> By contrast , the liberal bioethicist Jonathan D. Moreno has said that the journal offers `` a very dark vision '' about science and technology , but that it `` makes an important point about the need to worry about the ends as well as means in science '' and that its `` writers were young , smart , and had a good understanding of the political process and the making of public policy . '' Bioethicist Ruth Macklin criticized The New Atlantis as representative of a conservative movement in bioethics that is `` mean - spirited , mystical , and emotional '' and that `` claims insight into ultimate truth yet disavows reason . '' </P> <P> The journal has particularly gained a reputation among the transhumanist movement for its criticism of human enhancement . James Hughes , a techno - progressivist and at times director of organizations such as the World Transhumanist Association and the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies , notes that the journal `` has published influential attacks on artificial intelligence , nanotechnology , biotechnology , reproductive technology , and life extension . '' Natasha Vita - More has described it as a `` journal known as a ring of bioconservatives bent on opposing the cyberculture , '' while the Extropy Institute has called it `` a high - powered rallying point for the neo-Luddites . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The New Atlantis '' . Reason . May 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why We Are Called The New Atlantis '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Eric ( Spring 2003 ) . `` The New Politics of Technology '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keiper , Adam ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` The New Atlantis Turns Ten '' . The Corner . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-paradox-of-conservative-bioethics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/st-francis-christian-love-and-the-biotechnological-future </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berger , Sam ; Jonathan D. Moreno ( 2010 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Sam Berger and Jonathan D. Moreno . Progress in Bioethics : Science , Policy , and Politics . Cambridge , Mass. : M.I.T. Press . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0262517423 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Macklin , Ruth ( January -- February 2006 ) . `` The New Conservatives in Bioethics : Who Are They and What Do They Seek ? '' . The Hastings Center Report . 36 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 43 . doi : 10.1353 / hcr. 2006.0013 . PMID 16544839 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Energy '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simberg , Rand ( Fall 2010 ) . `` In Search of a Conservative Space Policy '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zubrin , Robert ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Human Explorer '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biofuels '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( Summer 2012 ) . `` How Not to Label Biotech Foods '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Synthetic biology '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singer , P.W. ( Winter 2009 ) . `` Military Robots and the Laws of War '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ofek , Hillel ( Spring 2010 ) . `` The Tortured Logic of Obama 's Drone War '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` The Future of Chemical Weapons '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Christopher A. 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The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Genetic engineering '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( Fall 2006 ) . `` The Dotcomrade '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Virtual Friendship and the New Narcissism '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scruton , Roger ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Hiding Behind the Screen '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waisman , Sebastian ( Summer 2008 ) . `` We Are the Change We 've Been Waiting For '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Summer 2004 ) . `` Our Cell Phones , Ourselves '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Spring 2008 ) . `` The Myth of Multitasking '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Fall 2008 ) . `` People of the Screen '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulman , Ari N. ( Spring 2011 ) . `` GPS and the End of the Road '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koganzon , Rita ( Summer 2008 ) . `` The World Made New '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crawford , Matthew B. ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Shop Class as Soulcraft '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` The Sidney Awards '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crawford , Matthew B. ( 2009 ) . Shop Class as Soulcraft . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0143117469 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawthorne : Science , Progress , and Human Nature '' . The New Atlantis . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matlack , Samuel ( Summer 2012 ) . `` The Physicists at Fifty '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Austin L. ( Fall 2012 ) . `` The Folly of Scientism '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Eric ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of Progress : Being Human in the Age of Technology . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594032080 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levin , Yuval ( 2008 ) . Imagining the Future : Science and American Democracy . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594032097 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meilaender , Gilbert ( 2009 ) . Neither Beast nor God : The Dignity of the Human Person . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594032578 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zubrin , Robert ( 2012 ) . Merchants of Despair : Radical Environmentalists , Criminal Pseudo-Scientists , and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594034763 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClay , Wilfred M. ; McAllister , Ted V. , eds. ( 2014 ) . Why Place Matters : Geography , Identity , and Civic Life in Modern America . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594037160 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubin , Charles T. ( 2014 ) . Eclipse of Man : Human Extinction and the Meaning of Progress . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594037368 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kurtz , Stanley ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Brave New World of Dna ? '' . The Corner . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moreno , Jonathan D. ( October 2007 ) . `` Biotechnology and the New Right : Neoconservatism 's Red Menace '' . American Journal of Bioethics. 7 ( 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neuhaus , Richard John ( October 6 , 2005 ) . `` A number of readers have . '' On the Square . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bramwell , Austin ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Defining Conservatism Down '' . The American Conservative . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jonah ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Ones & Zeroes Have Consequences '' . National Review . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Point Counterpoint '' . Science . 318 ( 5851 ) : 725 . 2 November 2007 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 318.5851. 725d . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Vital Progress Summit '' . Extropy Institute . 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    "document_text": "Wonders of the World - wikipedia <H1> Wonders of the World </H1> This article is about natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world . For other uses of `` Wonders of the World '' , see Wonders of the World ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( also known as the Mausoleum of Mausolus ) , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th - century Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck . <P> Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures . </P> <P> The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World </Li> <Li> 2 Lists from other eras </Li> <Li> 3 Recent lists <Ul> <Li> 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers </Li> <Li> 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders </Li> <Li> 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World </Li> <Li> 3.4 New7Wonders of the World </Li> <Li> 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature </Li> <Li> 3.6 New7Wonders Cities </Li> <Li> 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World </Li> <Li> 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World </Li> <Li> 3.9 Seven Wonders of the World film </Li> <Li> 3.10 Seven Wonders of the Solar System </Li> <Li> 3.11 Other lists of wonders of the world </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Seven Wonders of the ancient World </H2> Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House <P> The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . </P> <P> The classic seven wonders were : </P> <Ul> <Li> Colossus of Rhodes </Li> <Li> Great Pyramid of Giza </Li> <Li> Hanging Gardens of Babylon </Li> <Li> Lighthouse of Alexandria </Li> <Li> Mausoleum at Halicarnassus </Li> <Li> Statue of Zeus at Olympia </Li> <Li> Temple of Artemis at Ephesus </Li> </Ul> <P> The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . </P> <H2> Lists from other eras </H2> <P> In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . </P> <P> Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . </P> <P> Typically representative are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa </Li> <Li> Colosseum </Li> <Li> Great Wall of China </Li> <Li> Hagia Sophia </Li> <Li> Leaning Tower of Pisa </Li> <Li> Porcelain Tower of Nanjing </Li> <Li> Stonehenge </Li> </Ul> <P> Other sites sometimes included on such lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cairo Citadel </Li> <Li> Cluny Abbey </Li> <Li> Ely Cathedral </Li> <Li> Taj Mahal </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <H2> Recent lists </H2> <P> Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . </P> <H3> American Society of Civil Engineers </H3> <P> In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wonder </Th> <Th> Date started </Th> <Th> Date finished </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Significance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Channel Tunnel </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France </Td> <Td> The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CN Tower </Td> <Td> February 6 , 1973 </Td> <Td> June 26 , 1976 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Empire State Building </Td> <Td> January 22 , 1930 </Td> <Td> May 1 , 1931 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , U.S. </Td> <Td> Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 . First building with 100 + stories . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Gate Bridge </Td> <Td> January 5 , 1933 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 1937 </Td> <Td> Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. </Td> <Td> The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Itaipu Dam </Td> <Td> January 1970 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Paran\u00e1 River , between Brazil and Paraguay </Td> <Td> The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delta and Zuiderzee Works </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Zeeland , South Holland , North Holland , Friesland and Flevoland , Netherlands </Td> <Td> The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama Canal </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1880 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 1914 </Td> <Td> Isthmus of Panama </Td> <Td> One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> USA Today 's New Seven Wonders </H3> <P> In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Wonder </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Potala Palace </Td> <Td> Lhasa , Tibet , China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Old City of Jerusalem </Td> <Td> Jerusalem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Polar ice caps </Td> <Td> Polar regions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea Marine National Monument </Td> <Td> Hawaii , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Internet </Td> <Td> Earth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Mayan ruins </Td> <Td> Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula , M\u00e9xico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara </Td> <Td> Tanzania and Kenya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) </Td> <Td> Arizona , United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Seven natural Wonders of the World </H3> <P> Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : </P> <Ul> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Grand Canyon </Li> <Li> Great Barrier Reef </Li> <Li> Harbor of Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> Mount Everest </Li> <Li> Par\u00edcutin volcano </Li> <Li> Victoria Falls </Li> </Ul> <H3> New7Wonders of the World </H3> <P> In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wonder </Th> <Th> Date of construction </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Wall of China </Td> <Td> Since 7th century BC </Td> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petra </Td> <Td> c. 100 BC </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christ the Redeemer </Td> <Td> Opened October 12 , 1931 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Machu Picchu </Td> <Td> c . AD 1450 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chichen Itza </Td> <Td> c . AD 600 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colosseum </Td> <Td> Completed AD 80 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taj Mahal </Td> <Td> Completed c . AD 1648 </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Pyramid of Giza ( honorary candidate ) </Td> <Td> Completed c. 2560 BC </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> New7Wonders of Nature </H3> <P> New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . </P> <Ul> <Li> Iguazu Falls </Li> <Li> H\u1ea1 Long Bay </Li> <Li> Jeju Island </Li> <Li> Puerto Princesa Underground River </Li> <Li> Table Mountain </Li> <Li> Komodo </Li> <Li> Amazon rainforest </Li> </Ul> <H3> New7Wonders Cities </H3> <P> New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . </P> <Ul> <Li> Durban , South Africa </Li> <Li> Vigan , The Philippines </Li> <Li> Havana , Cuba </Li> <Li> Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia </Li> <Li> Beirut , Lebanon </Li> <Li> Doha , Qatar </Li> <Li> La Paz , Bolivia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Seven Wonders of the Underwater World </H3> <P> The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . </P> <P> In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : </P> <Ul> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Belize Barrier Reef </Li> <Li> Great Barrier Reef </Li> <Li> Deep - Sea Vents </Li> <Li> Gal\u00e1pagos Islands </Li> <Li> Lake Baikal </Li> <Li> Northern Red Sea </Li> </Ul> <H3> Seven Wonders of the Industrial World </H3> <P> British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : </P> <Ol> <Li> SS Great Eastern </Li> <Li> Bell Rock Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Bridge </Li> <Li> London sewerage system </Li> <Li> First Transcontinental Railroad </Li> <Li> Panama Canal </Li> <Li> Hoover Dam </Li> </Ol> <H3> Seven Wonders of the World film </H3> <P> Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek Wonders of the World list . </P> <H3> Seven Wonders of the Solar System </H3> <P> In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System '' . This article was later made into a video . </P> <Ul> <Li> Enceladus , a moon of Saturn </Li> <Li> The Great red spot of Jupiter </Li> <Li> The Asteroid belt </Li> <Li> The surface of the Sun </Li> <Li> The Oceans of Earth </Li> <Li> The Rings of Saturn </Li> <Li> Olympus Mons on Mars </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other lists of Wonders of the World </H3> <P> Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . For example : </P> <Ul> <Li> British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Eighth Wonder of the World </Li> <Li> National Seven Wonders <Ul> <Li> Seven Wonders of Canada </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Colombia </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Poland </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Portugal </Li> <Li> Seven Natural Wonders of Romania </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Russia </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Ukraine </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Wales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Treasures of Spain </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) </Li> <Li> World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' </Li> <Li> Geography portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . ASCE.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Society of Civil Engineers . `` Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . ASCE.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's pyramids out of seven wonders contest '' . Daily News Egypt . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar , Manjit ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cadbury , Deborah ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` British History in Depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org. 1999 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Man - made Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Natural Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ash , Russell ( 2000 ) . Great Wonders of the World . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil & Field , James ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> D'Epiro , Peter & Pinkowish , Mary Desmond ( December 1 , 1998 ) . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Morris , Neil ( December 30 , 2002 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Natural World . Chrysalis Books . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Africa portal </Li> <Li> Ancient Egypt portal </Li> <Li> Netherlands portal </Li> <Li> Australia portal </Li> <Li> Latin America portal </Li> <Li> Ecology portal </Li> <Li> Gardening portal </Li> <Li> Religion portal </Li> <Li> Queensland portal </Li> <Li> Ancient Greece portal </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area portal </Li> <Li> Grand Canyon portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 77 Wonders of the World in 360 \u00b0 A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven Wonders of the Ancient World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Seven Wonders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Great Pyramid of Giza </Li> <Li> Hanging Gardens of Babylon </Li> <Li> Statue of Zeus at Olympia </Li> <Li> Temple of Artemis </Li> <Li> Mausoleum at Halicarnassus </Li> <Li> Colossus of Rhodes </Li> <Li> Lighthouse of Alexandria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wonders of the World </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=854355655 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ancient history </Li> <Li> Cultural lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2012 </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be </Li> <Li> \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 </Li> <Li> \u010ce\u0161tina </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac </Li> <Li> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc </Li> <Li> \u0a97\u0ac1\u0a9c\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa4\u0ac0 </Li> <Li> \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 </Li> <Li> \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0565\u0580\u0565\u0576 </Li> <Li> \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea </Li> <Li> \u0c95\u0ca8\u0ccd\u0ca8\u0ca1 </Li> <Li> Latvie\u0161u </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 </Li> <Li> \u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 </Li> <Li> \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940 </Li> <Li> \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 </Li> <Li> \u65e5\u672c \u8a9e </Li> <Li> Nordfriisk </Li> <Li> \u0a2a\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a40 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> <Li> Rom\u00e2n\u0103 </Li> <Li> \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438 </Li> <Li> \u0c24\u0c46\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41 </Li> <Li> \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 </Li> <Li> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e </Li> <Li> \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 </Li> <Li> \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 </Li> <Li> Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t </Li> <Li> Walon </Li> <Li> \u05d9\u05d9\u05b4\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9 </Li> <Li> \u4e2d\u6587 </Li> 40 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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    "document_text": "Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest artists of All Time - wikipedia <H1> Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest artists of All Time </H1> <P> `` The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' is a special issue published by the American magazine Rolling Stone in two parts in 2004 and 2005 , and updated in 2011 . The list presented was compiled based on input from musicians , writers , and industry figures , and is focused on the rock & roll era . It predominantly features American and British musicians . </P> <P> The publication also features comments written by musicians about their favorite colleagues ( e.g. , Elvis Costello on The Beatles , Janet Jackson on Tina Turner , etc . ) . Since its publication , the list has been frequently cited by many specialized and generalist publications . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 List statistics </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The list , published in two issues in 2004 and 2005 and updated in 2011 , was based on the choices of a panel of 55 musicians , writers , and industry figures . As the editors explain , the artists were selected by `` their peers '' , and the list aims to be `` a broad survey of rock history '' , spanning from rock and roll , blues , indie rock , rap music and contemporary pop music . </P> <H2> List statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> In both versions of the list , the top three positions are held by The Beatles , Bob Dylan and Elvis Presley . </P> <P> In 2011 , Rolling Stone published a revised edition of the list , with changes from 27th position onwards . The updated list features artists not present in the original ( including Queen , Metallica , Pink Floyd , Talking Heads , R.E.M. , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , and Jay - Z ) , removing a number of other artists ( including Etta James , Miles Davis , Roxy Music , N.W.A. , and Martha & The Vandellas ) . </P> <P> The list consists primarily of American or British artists , with following exceptions : AC / DC ( Australia ) , Bob Marley ( Jamaica ) , Joni Mitchell ( Canada ) , Lee `` Scratch '' Perry ( Jamaica ; only in the 2005 list ) , Carlos Santana ( Mexico / US ) , U2 ( Ireland ) , and Neil Young ( Canada ) . Tina Turner , who relinquished her American citizenship after obtaining Swiss citizenship in 2013 , was still an American citizen when included in the list . </P> <P> Most artists on the list were active in the 1960s and 1970s . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of best - selling music artists </Li> <Li> The 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine </Li> <Li> The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine </Li> <Li> The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 100 Greatest Artists of All Time Rolling Stone </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' on bbc.co.uk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' on cnn.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' on usatoday.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google Scholar , `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , `` Rolling Stone '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Witmer , History of Rock Bands , ABDO , 2009 . Page 21 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , Rolling Stone </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time&oldid=847321900 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of albums </Li> <Li> Rolling Stone articles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> \u010ce\u0161tina </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Espa\u00f1ol </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Sloven\u010dina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 14 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia \u00ae is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "List of Premier League broadcasters - wikipedia <H1> List of Premier League broadcasters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the Premier League , English football 's top level competition , which is the most watched league in the world . The main broadcasters in the United Kingdom are Sky Sports , who broadcast 126 of the 168 televised games in the UK , and BT Sport . The BBC shows weekly highlights of the Premier League on its Match of the Day and Match of the Day 2 programmes on Saturdays and Sundays . </P> <P> The 168 UK televised games are also broadcast across the world ; the remaining 212 matches that are n't broadcast live in the UK are all broadcast elsewhere around the world . English - speaking countries ( excluding the UK ) are able to carry what is known as the ' International feed ' or ' World feed ' audio ; this is full match commentary provided by the Premier League . In Asia , and select other countries around the world , there is also a fully produced studio broadcast where pre , half time and post-match analysis is offered . This is currently hosted by John Dykes . </P> <P> The 3 : 00pm ( UK time ) Saturday kick - offs are not allowed to be shown live in the UK due to the hours of 2.45 pm - 5.15 pm being ' blocked broadcasting hours ' , as requested by the FA and enforced by UEFA . In Ireland , a different situation applies ; a package of only one Saturday 3 : 00pm kick off each week ( along with one game on the final Sunday ) is sold as an addition to the UK live rights packages , this package is currently held by Sky Sports . While there is no rule prohibiting the screening of the other 3 : 00pm games in Ireland , the Premier League does not make the rights to these games available to Irish broadcasters , due to the overlap in reception that is possible in Northern Ireland and mainland England and not 's total match completely absolute live in total all interviews season the paradox that total matches live other will only be seen on streaming sites of he Premier League TV . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Broadcasters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Broadcasters by region <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 African broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Asian broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 European broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Latin American broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 North American and Caribbean broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Oceanian broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Broadcasters ( edit ) </H2> <P> These are the countries and channels that broadcast the Premier League for 2016 - 19 : </P> <H3> Broadcasters by region ( edit ) </H3> African broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sub-saharan Africa </Td> <Td> English French </Td> <Td> Supersport Kwes\u00e9 Sports Canal+ </Td> </Tr> </Table> Asian broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Afghan </Td> <Td> Ariana TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports Gazi TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports PTV Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China ( mainland ) </Td> <Td> Mandarin </Td> <Td> CCTV CSPN BTV SMG SZMG GDTV GZTV CBG SDTV XJTV TJTV FMG DLTV JSBC ZZTV HBTV Tencent LeSports PPTV Super Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> English Cantonese </Td> <Td> now TV LeSports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> English Indonesian </Td> <Td> beIN Sports RCTI MNCTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> J Sports NHK Sportsnavi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> Kazakh </Td> <Td> Setanta Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> Kyrgyz </Td> <Td> KTRK Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> English Cantonese Portuguese </Td> <Td> Super Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Mongolian </Td> <Td> Sansar HD SPS Premier Sports Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> English Korean </Td> <Td> SBS Sports SPOTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia & Brunei </Td> <Td> English Malay & Cantonese </Td> <Td> Astro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> English Burmese </Td> <Td> Sky Net </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> English Tagalog </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Singtel TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Mandarin English </Td> <Td> Eleven Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand , Laos & Cambodia </Td> <Td> Thai English </Td> <Td> beIN Sports PPTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> Tajik </Td> <Td> Varzish TV Football TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Uzbek </Td> <Td> UZ Report TV Futbol TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> Vietnamese English </Td> <Td> K+ TTTV , BDTV ( VTVCab ) FPT Telecom </Td> </Tr> </Table> European broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Albanian </Td> <Td> SuperSport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Serbian Croatian Macedonian Slovenian </Td> <Td> Sport Klub </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Movistar+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> Armenian </Td> <Td> Armenia 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Azerbaijani </Td> <Td> AzTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Belarusian </Td> <Td> Beltelradio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Dutch French </Td> <Td> Play Sports VOO Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Bulgarian </Td> <Td> Diema Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> CytaVision </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Digi Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Danish </Td> <Td> TV3 Sport 6'eren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Estonian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Finnish </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> SFR Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Georgian </Td> <Td> Silknet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> Cosmote Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Hungarian </Td> <Td> Sp\u00edler TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> Icelandic </Td> <Td> St\u00f6\u00f0 2 Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Sports BT Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> SKY Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Latvian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Lithuanian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> VOO Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> GO Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Dutch </Td> <Td> Ziggo Sport Totaal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> English / Norwegian </Td> <Td> TV2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Polish </Td> <Td> NC+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> Sport TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Romanian </Td> <Td> Eurosport 1 Telekom Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Russian </Td> <Td> Match TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> SKY Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Digi Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Movistar+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Swedish </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> German French </Td> <Td> DAZN SFR Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Turkish </Td> <Td> S Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Ukrainian </Td> <Td> Football TV \u0421hannel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Sports BT Sport BBC Sport ( Highlights only ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Latin American broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> ESPN Brasil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> DirecTV Sports ESPN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> ESPN ( 3 matches ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> SKY Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> </Tr> </Table> Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Hebrew </Td> <Td> Sport 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle East and North Africa </Td> <Td> Arabic English French </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> </Table> North American and Caribbean broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> TSN Sportsnet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caribbean </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Flow Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States ( including Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands ) </Td> <Td> English Spanish </Td> <Td> NBC Sports Network Telemundo </Td> </Tr> </Table> Oceanian broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Optus Sport SBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pacific Islands </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Digicel Play </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who is the Premier League 's best ? '' . FIFA. 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BT Sport '' . Premier League . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport '' . Premier League . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=19817.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League international rights deals for 2016 - 19 '' . Premier League . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Premier League official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Broadcasters in European Football ( UEFA ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic leagues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champions League </Li> <Li> Europa League </Li> <Li> Super Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Premier League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2017 -- 18 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC Bournemouth </Li> <Li> Arsenal </Li> <Li> Brighton & Hove Albion </Li> <Li> Burnley </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> Crystal Palace </Li> <Li> Everton </Li> <Li> Huddersfield Town </Li> <Li> Leicester City </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> Manchester City </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Newcastle United </Li> <Li> Southampton </Li> <Li> Stoke City </Li> <Li> Swansea City </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> Watford </Li> <Li> West Bromwich Albion </Li> <Li> West Ham United </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aston Villa </Li> <Li> Barnsley </Li> <Li> Birmingham City </Li> <Li> Blackburn Rovers </Li> <Li> Blackpool </Li> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> <Li> Bradford City </Li> <Li> Cardiff City </Li> <Li> Charlton Athletic </Li> <Li> Coventry City </Li> <Li> Derby County </Li> <Li> Fulham </Li> <Li> Hull City </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> Leeds United </Li> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Norwich City </Li> <Li> Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield United </Li> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday </Li> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Swindon Town </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> <Li> Wimbledon </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Teams <Ul> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Players <Ul> <Li> foreign </Li> <Li> foreign scorers </Li> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Managers <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stadia </Li> <Li> Founding </Li> <Li> Broadcasting foundation </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Referees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics and awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> All - time table </Li> <Li> Hat - tricks </Li> <Li> Highest scores </Li> <Li> Golden Boot </Li> <Li> Golden Glove </Li> <Li> Manager of the Season </Li> <Li> Player of the Season </Li> <Li> Manager of the Month </Li> <Li> Player of the Month </Li> <Li> Goal of the Month </Li> <Li> Players with 500 + appearances </Li> <Li> Players with 100 + goals </Li> <Li> Top scorers by season </Li> <Li> Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets </Li> <Li> 10 Seasons Awards </Li> <Li> 20 Seasons Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richest clubs : <Ul> <Li> Deloitte list </Li> <Li> Forbes ' list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Team owners </Li> <Li> Transfer records </Li> <Li> Game 39 </Li> <Li> Premier League -- Football League gulf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia Trophy </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield </Li> <Li> FA Cup </Li> <Li> EFL Cup </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> <Li> Premier League 2 </Li> <Li> U18 Premier League </Li> <Li> Premier League International Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Association football on television </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters by top level league </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superliga Argentina ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A ( Brazil ) </Li> <Li> Major League Soccer ( MLS Cup ) ( United States / Canada ) </Li> <Li> Liga MX ( Mexico ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenian Premier League ( Armenia ) </Li> <Li> Belgian Pro League ( Belgium ) </Li> <Li> Bundesliga ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> Ekstraklasa ( Poland ) </Li> <Li> Eredivisie ( Netherlands ) </Li> <Li> Czech First League ( Czech Republic ) </Li> <Li> La Liga ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Liga I ( Romania ) </Li> <Li> Ligue 1 ( France ) </Li> <Li> Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I ( Hungary ) </Li> <Li> Premier League ( England ) </Li> <Li> Primeira Liga ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Russian Premier League ( Russia ) </Li> <Li> Scottish Premiership ( Scotland ) </Li> <Li> Serie A ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> Vala SuperLiga ( Kosovo ) </Li> <Li> Slovenian PrvaLiga ( Slovenia ) </Li> <Li> Super League Greece ( Greece ) </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Premier League ( Ukraine ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ligue 1 ( Algeria ) </Li> <Li> A-League ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Thai League ( Thailand ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast contracts by country </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada ( history ) </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Central America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> United Kingdom ( commentators , history ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters by event </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Copa Libertadores </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA World Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Euro </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dedicated channels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> EuroWorld Sport </Li> <Li> Fox Sports World Canada </Li> <Li> Sportsnet World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> Canal+ Sport </Li> <Li> SFR Sports 1 </Li> <Li> OM TV </Li> <Li> OL TV </Li> <Li> Girondins TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Premium Calcio </Li> <Li> Sky Calcio </Li> <Li> Inter Channel </Li> <Li> Juventus Channel </Li> <Li> Milan Channel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> beIN LaLiga </Li> <Li> M. F\u00fatbol </Li> <Li> M. Partidazo </Li> <Li> Real Madrid TV </Li> <Li> Bar\u00e7a TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sky Sports 1 </Li> <Li> BT Sport 1 </Li> <Li> Arsenal TV </Li> <Li> Celtic TV </Li> <Li> Chelsea TV </Li> <Li> LFC TV </Li> <Li> MUTV </Li> <Li> Rangers TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> Fox Soccer Plus </Li> <Li> GOL TV </Li> <Li> MLS Direct Kick </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> ESPN Deportes </Li> <Li> Fox Deportes </Li> <Li> Univision Deportes Network </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Individual network coverage </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> A-League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox Sports FC </Li> <Li> Shoot Out </Li> <Li> Thursday FC </Li> <Li> The World Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bundesliga </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soccer Made in Germany </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major League Soccer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN <Ul> <Li> MLS Game of the Week </Li> <Li> MLS Primetime Thursday </Li> <Li> MLS Soccer Saturday </Li> <Li> MLS Soccer Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fox Soccer </Li> <Li> NBCSN </Li> <Li> TSN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ligue 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T\u00e9l\u00e9foot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premier League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> Super Sunday </Li> <Li> Match of the Day </Li> <Li> Match of the Day 2 </Li> <Li> The Premier League Show </Li> <Li> Match of the Day ( U.S. TV series ) </Li> <Li> The Premiership </Li> <Li> Soccer Central Matchday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_broadcasters&oldid=808611916 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Premier League on television </Li> <Li> Premier League lists </Li> <Li> Association football on television </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from May 2014 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 23 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia \u00ae is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "Java development Kit - wikipedia <H1> Java development Kit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Java Development Kit ( JDK ) <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Oracle Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stable release </Th> <Td> 10.0. 1 / 17 April 2018 ; 1 day ago ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Windows NT , macOS , Linux , Solaris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> IA - 32 , x64 , ARM , SPARC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Software development kit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Sun License ( most of it also under GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index.html </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Java Development Kit ( JDK ) is an implementation of either one of the Java Platform , Standard Edition , Java Platform , Enterprise Edition , or Java Platform , Micro Edition platforms released by Oracle Corporation in the form of a binary product aimed at Java developers on Solaris , Linux , macOS or Windows . The JDK includes a private JVM and a few other resources to finish the development of a Java Application . Since the introduction of the Java platform , it has been by far the most widely used Software Development Kit ( SDK ) . On 17 November 2006 , Sun announced that they would release it under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , thus making it free software . This happened in large part on 8 May 2007 , when Sun contributed the source code to the OpenJDK . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 JDK contents </Li> <Li> 2 Ambiguity between a JDK and an SDK </Li> <Li> 3 Other JDKs </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> JDK contents ( edit ) </H2> <P> The JDK has as its primary components a collection of programming tools , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> appletviewer -- this tool can be used to run and debug Java applets without a web browser </Li> <Li> apt -- the annotation - processing tool </Li> <Li> extcheck -- a utility that detects JAR file conflicts </Li> <Li> idlj -- the IDL - to - Java compiler . This utility generates Java bindings from a given Java IDL file . </Li> <Li> jabswitch -- the Java Access Bridge . Exposes assistive technologies on Microsoft Windows systems . </Li> <Li> java -- the loader for Java applications . This tool is an interpreter and can interpret the class files generated by the javac compiler . Now a single launcher is used for both development and deployment . The old deployment launcher , jre , no longer comes with Sun JDK , and instead it has been replaced by this new java loader . </Li> <Li> javac -- the Java compiler , which converts source code into Java bytecode </Li> <Li> javadoc -- the documentation generator , which automatically generates documentation from source code comments </Li> <Li> jar -- the archiver , which packages related class libraries into a single JAR file . This tool also helps manage JAR files . </Li> <Li> javafxpackager -- tool to package and sign JavaFX applications </Li> <Li> jarsigner -- the jar signing and verification tool </Li> <Li> javah -- the C header and stub generator , used to write native methods </Li> <Li> javap -- the class file disassembler </Li> <Li> javaws -- the Java Web Start launcher for JNLP applications </Li> <Li> JConsole -- Java Monitoring and Management Console </Li> <Li> jdb -- the debugger </Li> <Li> jhat -- Java Heap Analysis Tool ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jinfo -- This utility gets configuration information from a running Java process or crash dump . ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jmap Oracle jmap - Memory Map -- This utility outputs the memory map for Java and can print shared object memory maps or heap memory details of a given process or core dump . ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jmc -- Java Mission Control </Li> <Li> jps -- Java Virtual Machine Process Status Tool lists the instrumented HotSpot Java Virtual Machines ( JVMs ) on the target system . ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jrunscript -- Java command - line script shell . </Li> <Li> jstack -- utility that prints Java stack traces of Java threads ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jstat -- Java Virtual Machine statistics monitoring tool ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jstatd -- jstat daemon ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> keytool -- tool for manipulating the keystore </Li> <Li> pack200 -- JAR compression tool </Li> <Li> policytool -- the policy creation and management tool , which can determine policy for a Java runtime , specifying which permissions are available for code from various sources . </Li> <Li> VisualVM -- visual tool integrating several command - line JDK tools and lightweight performance and memory profiling capabilities </Li> <Li> wsimport -- generates portable JAX - WS artifacts for invoking a web service . </Li> <Li> xjc -- Part of the Java API for XML Binding ( JAXB ) API . It accepts an XML schema and generates Java classes . </Li> </Ul> <P> Experimental tools may not be available in future versions of the JDK . </P> <P> The JDK also comes with a complete Java Runtime Environment , usually called a private runtime , due to the fact that it is separated from the `` regular '' JRE and has extra contents . It consists of a Java Virtual Machine and all of the class libraries present in the production environment , as well as additional libraries only useful to developers , such as the internationalization libraries and the IDL libraries . </P> <P> Copies of the JDK also include a wide selection of example programs demonstrating the use of almost all portions of the Java API . </P> <H2> Ambiguity between a JDK and an SDK ( edit ) </H2> <P> The JDK forms an extended subset of a software development kit ( SDK ) . It includes `` tools for developing , debugging , and monitoring Java applications '' . Oracle strongly suggests to now use the term JDK to refer to the Java SE Development Kit . The Java EE SDK is available with or without the JDK , by which they specifically mean the Java SE 7 JDK . </P> <H2> Other JDKs ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to the most widely used JDK discussed in this article , there are other JDKs commonly available for a variety of platforms , some of which started from the Sun JDK source and some that did not . All adhere to the basic Java specifications , but often differ in explicitly unspecified areas , such as garbage collection , compilation strategies , and optimization techniques . They include : </P> <P> In development or in maintenance mode : </P> <Ul> <Li> Azul Systems Zing , low latency JDK for Linux ; </Li> <Li> Azul Systems / OpenJDK - based Zulu for Linux , Windows , Mac OS X , embedded and the cloud ; </Li> <Li> OpenJDK / IcedTea ; </Li> <Li> GNU 's Classpath and GCJ ( The GNU Compiler for Java ) ; </Li> <Li> Aicas JamaicaVM ; </Li> <Li> IBM J9 JDK , for AIX , Linux , Windows , MVS , OS / 400 , Pocket PC , z / OS ; </Li> </Ul> <P> Not being maintained or discontinued : </P> <Ul> <Li> Apache Harmony </Li> <Li> Apple 's Mac OS Runtime for Java JVM / JDK for Classic Mac OS </Li> <Li> Blackdown Java -- Port of Sun 's JDK for Linux </Li> <Li> Oracle Corporation 's JRockit JDK , for Windows , Linux , and Solaris ; </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Free software portal </Li> <Li> Java portal </Li> <Li> Computer programming portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Classpath ( Java ) </Li> <Li> Java platform </Li> <Li> Java version history </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java SE 7 Features and Enhancements '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OpenJDK homepage '' . Oracle Corporation and / or its affiliates . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sun 's May 8th announcement of source code for JDK '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JDK 5.0 Java Annotation Processing Tool ( APT ) - related APIs & Developer Guides -- from Sun Microsystems '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java SE Downloads '' . Oracle . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java EE 7 SDK distributions require JDK 7 '' `` Java Platform , Enterprise Edition 7 SDK - Installation Instructions '' . Installing the Software . Oracle . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Azul Zing product page '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Azul Zulu download page '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` developerWorks : IBM developer kits : Downloads '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Support at Apple '' . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java Linux Contact Information '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java - Linux Latest Information '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 1996 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JRockit Family Download page '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oracle Java SE </Li> <Li> IBM Java technology JDK </Li> <Li> Open source JDK 7 project </Li> <Li> Open source JDK project </Li> <Li> Community support </Li> <Li> GNU Classpath -- a Free software JDK alternative </Li> <Li> Javadoc Developer Kit ( JDK ) Search Engine </Li> <Li> Oracle 's Java SE Support Roadmap </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"3\"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Java </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Java language </Li> <Li> JVM </Li> <Li> Micro Edition </Li> <Li> Standard Edition </Li> <Li> Enterprise Edition </Li> <Li> Java Card </Li> <Li> Android SDK </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oracle technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Squawk </Li> <Li> Java Development Kit </Li> <Li> OpenJDK </Li> <Li> Java virtual machine </Li> <Li> JavaFX </Li> <Li> Maxine VM </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Applets </Li> <Li> Servlets </Li> <Li> MIDlets </Li> <Li> JSP </Li> <Li> Web Start ( JNLP ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major third - party technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blackdown </Li> <Li> Eclipse </Li> <Li> GNU Classpath </Li> <Li> GWT </Li> <Li> Harmony </Li> <Li> Hibernate </Li> <Li> IcedTea </Li> <Li> Jazelle </Li> <Li> Spring </Li> <Li> Struts </Li> <Li> TopLink </Li> <Li> WildFly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Java version history </Li> <Li> Java Community Process </Li> <Li> Sun Microsystems </Li> <Li> Free Java implementations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major JVM languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BeanShell </Li> <Li> Clojure </Li> <Li> Groovy </Li> <Li> Oxygene </Li> <Li> JRuby </Li> <Li> Jython </Li> <Li> Kotlin </Li> <Li> Processing </Li> <Li> Rhino </Li> <Li> Scala </Li> <Li> Tcl / Java </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conferences </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JavaOne </Li> <Li> Devoxx </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_Development_Kit&oldid=837037556 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Java ( programming language ) </Li> <Li> Software development kits </Li> <Li> Oracle software </Li> <Li> Sun Microsystems software </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> \u010ce\u0161tina </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Espa\u00f1ol </Li> <Li> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc </Li> <Li> Fran\u00e7ais </Li> <Li> \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> \u65e5\u672c \u8a9e </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> <Li> \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd </Li> <Li> \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 </Li> <Li> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e </Li> <Li> \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 </Li> <Li> Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t </Li> <Li> \u4e2d\u6587 </Li> 14 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 10 : 02 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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    "document_text": "Learner 's permit - wikipedia <H1> Learner 's permit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A driver 's permit , learner 's permit , learner 's license or provisional license , is a restricted license that is given to a person who is learning to drive , but has not yet satisfied the requirement to obtain a driver 's license . Having a driver 's permit for a certain length of time is usually one of the requirements ( along with driver 's education and a road test ) for applying for a full driver 's license . To get a learner 's permit , one must typically pass a written permit test , traffic , and rules of the road . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Australia </Li> <Li> 2 Belgium </Li> <Li> 3 Canada </Li> <Li> 4 France </Li> <Li> 5 Germany </Li> <Li> 6 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 7 India </Li> <Li> 8 Ireland </Li> <Li> 9 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 10 Norway </Li> <Li> 11 Singapore </Li> <Li> 12 South Africa </Li> <Li> 13 Sweden </Li> <Li> 14 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 15 United States <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Learner 's permits </Li> <Li> 15.2 Intermediate license </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Australia ( edit ) </H2> <P> Laws regarding learner 's permits in Australia differ between states . However , all states require a number of hours supervised driving to be undertaken and for the permit to be held for a set period . The age to get a Learner Permit is 16 in all states and territories except the ACT where it is 15 and 9 months . When a person is on their learners permit , they have to log 50 -- 120 hours depending on the state they are in , and must obtain at least 5 night hours . They can be supervised or taught in their log book hours by any person / persons holding a full license . They must sign the log book for allocated hours . </P> <H2> Belgium ( edit ) </H2> <P> A provisional learners license can be obtained after passing a theoretical exam less than three years prior . The minimum age for a learners permit is 17 years . The learner needs to be accompanied by a designated person with a valid driving license . The vehicle needs to bear a clearly visible , predesignated `` learners '' sign , sporting the letter `` L '' . </P> <H2> Canada ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Canada , the minimum age varies from province to province and may be 14 or 16 . In Ontario , a G1 License is issued to new drivers at the age of 16 after completing a written test . G1 license restrictions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Have time and / or road restrictions , and the learner must drive with a fully licensed driver of at least 4 years . After one year with a G2 , the learner may upgrade to their full G class license by taking another road test , which has a major highway component . A similar program is in effect for motorcycles , the M class license . </Li> </Ul> <P> In Nova Scotia , a beginner 's permit ( L ) is issued to new drivers after the age of 16 after a written test . The L license restrictions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A fully licensed driver must sit in the seat adjacent the new driver </Li> <Li> There can not be additional other passengers </Li> <Li> The learner must have a blood alcohol count of 0 </Li> <Li> No time or road restrictions </Li> </Ul> <P> In Alberta , a learners permit is issued to those who complete a knowledge test , an eye exam and one who is 14 years of age or older . They 're then put into a GDL program with restrictions . Some include : having a 0 blood alcohol level , fully licensed driver in passenger seat , no more people than there are seats , and must hold the license for a one - year minimum before upgrading . </P> <P> In Alberta , one has to pass a basic road test after having a learner 's permit for at least a year and at or over the age of 16 , then can apply for a Class 5 GDL license , which carries some of the same restrictions , but no longer requires a fully licensed Class 5 non-GDL driver in the passenger seat . Once the person becomes 18 and holds the Class 5 GDL license for at least 2 years , they can do an advanced road test which if they pass , they 'll become a fully licensed Class 5 driver . </P> <H2> France ( edit ) </H2> See also : Driving licence in France <P> In France , exists a Graduated driver licensing for people between the age of 15 and 17 and half , for B Driving licence . </P> <P> Some restriction exist ; one of the main condition is that a fully agreed licensed must accompany the learner . </P> <P> With 18 , the learner 's permit can apply to a normal driving license , that it can pass more easily due to its previous experience ; additionally , its probation license is reduced from three to two years . </P> <P> This Graduated driver licensing is valid only within France , so it 's not possible to cross their border with the Graduated driver licensing . </P> <P> For people over 18 , a system similar to the Graduated driver licensing exists , but rules are slightly different , for instance it does not provide the reduction from three to two years for the probation licence . </P> <P> Furthermore , any person who initially gets a driving license , for the first one , has to mind following restrictions for two or three years known as permis probatoire . The permis probatoire starting with specific issue : </P> <Ul> <Li> Speed is reduced for new drivers : 110 km / h instead of 130 on motorways , 100 km / h instead of 110 , and 80 instead of 90 on rural roads . </Li> <Li> The permis probatoire has only six points , and the driver access to 12 points when the driver passes its three year term </Li> </Ul> <Table> Points <Tr> <Th> When </Th> <Th> General case </Th> <Th> Apprentissage anticip\u00e9 case </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Driving licence passed </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After one year </Td> <Td> + 2 \u2192 8 ( if no point loss ) </Td> <Td> + 3 \u2192 9 ( if no point loss ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After two years </Td> <Td> + 2 \u2192 10 ( if no point loss ) </Td> <Td> + 3 \u2192 12 ( if no point loss ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After three years </Td> <Td> + 2 \u2192 12 ( if no point loss ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some training to road traffic safety might help to recover points . </P> <H2> Germany ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 2010 , it 's possible to get a learner 's permit at 17 in Germany . The only restriction is that a fully licensed and previously stated driver who is at least 30 years old must accompany the learner ( but is not allowed to intervene in the drive ) . That does not apply to light motorcycles , which can be driven freely with this license . </P> <P> Furthermore , any person who initially gets a driving license has to mind following restrictions for 2 years starting with its issue : </P> <Ul> <Li> The driver must have a blood alcohol count of 0 ( this applies at least until the age of 21 ) </Li> <Li> Any penalties are stricter than for advanced drivers </Li> </Ul> <P> With 18 , the learner 's permit will be automatically replaced by a normal driving license - no further test is needed . These legal circumstances in Germany are comparable to those in Austria in that matter - thus , it 's possible to cross their border with a learner 's permit . </P> <H2> Hong Kong ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Hong Kong any person aged 18 or above can apply for a Learner 's Driving License for private cars , light goods vehicle and motorcycles . For other types of vehicle the age required is 21 and the applicant must have a valid private car or light goods vehicle driving license for 3 years . Unlike other jurisdictions , a learner must be supervised by an approved driving instructor instead of an ordinary fully licensed driver , or attending an approved driving school to learn to drive ( except motorcycles , which learners can drive on their own , but motorcycle learners must pass a motorcycle course from an approved driving school before they can learn to drive on road ) . L - plate is also required when the learner is practicing . </P> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> In India , the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 18 ( and 16 for riding a gear less scooter ) . When driving under a provisional license , the learner must be accompanied by a driver who holds a full driving license . The supervisor has to be in view of the road and be in a position to control the vehicle . The provisional license is available only after passing the theory test . A full licence can be acquired only after passing the driving test . Once the learner has passed the theory test , they may take the practical driving test . Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed , a full driving licence will be automatically issued . While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other , most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons , either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school . </P> <P> The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L - plates on both the back and front of the vehicle . This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full license and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet . The L - plate consists of a white square plate with a large red L in the middle . </P> <H2> Ireland ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Ireland the learner may perform a theory test at the age of 16 which tests their knowledge of traffic situations and road signs . Upon passing this test the learner will receive a learner 's permit which permits them to drive on the road accompanied by a full licensed driver who has had their license for more than two years . The only restrictions are that the learner driver can not drive on motorways and must visibly display ' L ' plates at all times . They must have held their learner 's permit for 6 months before they can apply to perform road test to obtain their full license . This is known as the ' six - month rule ' . </P> <H2> New Zealand ( edit ) </H2> <P> In New Zealand any person 16 years or over can sit a learner 's licensing test , which is a theory multiple choice test on road rules . Once they have passed this , they may drive with an adult who has had their full license for at least two years . They must display L plates at all times when driving . They may drive up to the speed of 100 km / h in allowed areas . They may carry passengers with an adult in the car that has had their full licence for more than two years . After at least 6 months have passed , they take a road test in order to receive their restricted license . On a restricted license , the learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm , with no passengers other than their dependent children , spouse , or persons holding a full license for more than 2 years . A learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm . Learners who sit the practical test in an automatic car are only legally allowed to drive an automatic while restricted . People can also sit a full license road test after 18 months or a year if they have undertaken a defensive driving course . In March 2010 the New Zealand Government announced changes to licence regulations which included raising the minimum age for a learner 's licence to 16 , since September 2011 the minimum age to attempt to obtain a learners licence is the age of 16 . </P> <H2> Norway ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Norway , the learner may drive as long the learner is over 16 years of age , have passed a basic course in the rules of the road and first aid , and a person 25 or above who has had their driver 's license for more than 5 years is present . </P> <H2> Singapore ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Singapore , any persons aged 18 or above may obtain a provisional driving licence for a fee of S $25.00 after passing the Basic Theory Test . The provisional driving licence is valid for 6 months if the PDL licence is obtained before 1 December 2017 . From 1 December 2017 , the validity of a PDL licence is 2 years from the date of payment , with no change of cost . It permits the holder to drive on public roads ( with a few exceptions ) in the presence of a Certified Driving Instructor . A car driven by a learner must display an L - plate on the front and rear of the car . Passing the Final Theory Test enables a learner to apply for the Practical Driving Test and it is valid for 2 years . A valid provisional driving licence , passed FTT and a photo ID must be presented to be allowed to take the practical test . Should a learner 's provisional driving licence expire before the date of their practical test , he or she will have to renew it at the same cost . Expired PDL are not accepted and taking the practical tests will be rejected . </P> <P> A Qualified Driving Licence ( QDL ) is awarded to a person who has passed the practical test and made a one - time payment of S $50.00 . Any person who has possessed a QDL for a period of less than a year is required to display a probation plate at the top right of their front and rear windscreens . The probation plate is made of a reflective material and consists of an orange triangle on a yellow background . Failure to do so may cause the offending driver to receive a fine for the first time and then subsequently revoked from driving . See Driving licence in Singapore for detailed requirements of each class of licence . </P> <H2> South Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> A South African learners license consists of three sections with the following criteria required : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rules of the road - There are 30 questions in this category with 22 being the pass mark </Li> <Li> Vehicle controls - There are 8 questions in this section , the required pass mark is 6 </Li> <Li> Road signs , road markings and traffic signals - There are 30 questions in this category with a pass mark of 23 </Li> </Ul> <P> There are primarily three codes to choose from : </P> <Ul> <Li> Code 1 - This is for motorcycles , motorised tricycle or quadrucycle not more than 125cc and the driver should be 16 or older on the date of the test . If the motorcycle engine in above 125cc , the driver will need to be 17 years or older . </Li> <Li> Code 2 - This is for motor vehicles , bus and minibus or goods vehicle up to a maximum vehicle mass of 3500 kg . The driver will need to be 17 years or older on the date of the test . </Li> <Li> Code 3 - This is for motor vehicles exceeding a gross vehicle mass of 3500 kg . The driver will need to be 18 years or older to apply for a learners license in this category . </Li> </Ul> <P> The following documents will need to be presented when applying for a learners license : </P> <Ul> <Li> Identity card or passport </Li> <Li> 2 Recent passport size photographs ( colour or black and white ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In South Africa , any person who is of the minimum required age and holds a valid ID document may sit a learner 's licence exam . The minimum required age varies by vehicle class and has the following minimum age restrictions : </P> <Ul> <Li> for a motorcycle ( without a sidecar ) with an engine not exceeding 125 cc -- 16 years </Li> <Li> for light motor vehicles with a mass not exceeding 3 500 kilograms -- 17 years </Li> <Li> for all other vehicles ( also motorcycles with an engine exceeding 125 cc ) -- 18 years </Li> </Ul> <P> The Learner 's Licence exam is a 68 question multiple choice exam with questions spread over three sections : Rules of the road ( 30 questions ) ; Signs , signals and road markings ( 30 questions ) , and vehicle controls ( 8 questions ) . The holder of a learner 's licence is allowed to drive only when supervised by a licensed driver . If the category of vehicle being driven requires a professional driving permit , the licensed driver must also hold a professional driving permit . South African Learners must carry their Learner 's Licence with them whenever they are driving a vehicle and have L plates on the rear window . The Learner 's Licence is valid for 24 months . </P> <H2> Sweden ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Sweden , the minimum age is 16 years old to get a basic car learner 's permit ; 17 years and six months are required for more advanced light vehicle combinations and up to 23 years for heavy vehicle combinations . K\u00f6rkortslag 4kap 2 \u00a7 </P> <H2> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United Kingdom , the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 17 ( 16 for driving a tractor , riding a moped , or those receiving Disability Mobility Allowance ) . When driving under a provisional licence , the learner must be accompanied by a driver who has held a full driving licence for three years , and who is 21 or over . The supervisor has to be in view of the road , however the road safety act 1988 states that the supervisor does not have to be in the passenger seat , although the passenger in the front seat does have to be over the age of 15 . A full licence can be acquired as soon as the provisional licence is received , unlike many other countries where applicants must wait a minimum of 6 -- 12 months with this being said , before getting a full license . The provisional licence is available without taking a test , although to get a full , unrestricted licence - the applicant must take a written ' Theory ' test containing fifty multiple choice questions and fourteen - clip hazard perception test , both of which are done on a computer at one of the many DSA ( Driving Standards Agency ) Test centres . Once the learner has passed the theory test , they may take the practical driving test , however the practical driving test has to be done within 2 years of completing the theory test , as the theory test certificate expires 2 years after receiving it . Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed a full driving licence will be automatically issued . While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other , most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons , either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school . </P> <P> The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L - plates on both the back and front of the vehicle . This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full licence and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet . The L - plate consists of a white square plate ( often tied to the vehicle or attached by magnets ) with a large red L in the middle . In Wales the L - plate or the D - plate may be used due to bilingual laws in effect in Wales . If the vehicle is operated by multiple named drivers ( As specified by the car insurance policy ) , then the L - Plate should be removed and stored if the current driver holds a full licence . When the learner has passed , they can get a non-compulsory ' P ' plate , which shows that they have just passed their test , and so may not have much experience on the road . The P plate has a white background , with a green ' P ' . </P> <P> In the UK , provisional licence holders are disallowed from driving on motorways until they pass the practical test . </P> <P> After gaining a full licence , the driver is subject to a probationary period ; 6 or more penalty points accumulated within 2 years of passing the test , will lead to a revocation of the licence and both test will need to be retaken . </P> <P> In Northern Ireland for one year after the passing of a driving test , the driver is defined as a `` restricted driver '' who must not exceed 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and must display an `` R - plate '' consisting of an amber sans - serif R on a white background . </P> <H2> United states ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , it is typical for states to have graduated driver 's license programs through which a driver first obtains a learner 's permit , qualifies for an intermediate driver 's license , and then ultimately qualifies for a full driver 's license . The rules governing learner 's permits can vary significantly by state . </P> <H3> Learner 's permits ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order for a minor to receive a learner 's permit , sometimes called an instructional permit , states typically require that the minor have signed permission from a parent or guardian . In the state of New Hampshire , a permit is not given but the young driver may begin to drive with a parent or guardian , or an adult 25 years of age , at the age of 15 and a half . </P> <P> Typically , a driver operating with a learner 's permit must be accompanied by an adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times . </P> <P> In some states , permit holders are allowed to drive to and from school or work with a permit , without a supervising driver . In Indiana , Iowa , Texas , Rhode Island , Maryland and Kentucky , a permit holder between 17 and 18 may legally drive unaccompanied only if heading to work or to school . </P> <P> After a legally defined period of driving supervised with a permit , usually between six and twelve months , and upon reaching the requisite age , the holder of a learner 's permit can apply for a provisional license . Obtaining a provisional license allows certain restrictions to be lifted from the driver , such as the times that they are allowed to drive , and the number of people allowed in the car . </P> <P> The permit holder is required to document specific hours of driving under the permit before qualifying for an intermediate license , such as fifty hours of practice . </P> <H3> Intermediate license ( edit ) </H3> <P> An intermediate or provisional license allows the driver to drive a vehicle without supervision by a licensed driver . Driving is typically permitted during a limited range of mostly daylight hours , as well as to and from school , work and religious activities . Some states may require a road test before allowing a learner 's permit holder to obtain an intermediate license . </P> <P> In order to qualify for a provisional license the applicant must typically be at least the age of 16 and must have previously held an learner 's permit for at least six months . These requirements vary by state . For example , in Florida the prior period for holding a learner 's permit is twelve months . </P> <P> In many states the period of driving on a learner 's permit is shortened if the applicant is above the age of eighteen . For example , in Oklahoma if a driver is 18 or older a learner 's permit must only be held for one month before the driver qualifies for an intermediate license . Some states allow drivers over the age of twenty - one to bypass the entire graduated licensing process . For example , in Colorado , a driver over the age of twenty - one may apply for and pass the tests for a permit and a full driver 's license on the same day and , if successful in passing the tests , may obtain a full driver 's license as soon as the driver passes a scheduled driving test . </P> <P> Intermediate drivers are normally restricted in their transportation of passengers , especially minor passengers , without supervision . In some states , such as California , Nebraska , Oregon , Maine , New York , Florida , Kansas , Illinois , Oklahoma and Arizona , permitted drivers may legally drive family members under the age of 21 without adult supervision if they possess a signed note from a legal guardian . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F21012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.permisapoints.fr/permis-a-points/permis-probatoire/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( NDLS , National Driver Licensing Service , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About your licence '' . NZ Transport Agency . 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Hartevelt , Hank Schouten and NZPA ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Government to raise driving age '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u00d8velseskj\u00f8ring ( Practise driving ) '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Public Roads Administration ( Statens Vegvesen ) . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When can I apply for my Learners Licence ? What requirements do I need to meet ? - Page 3 '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Restrictions and Requirements - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Preparation - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Services '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What the Licence Permits - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` K\u00f6rkortslag ( 1998 : 488 ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Driving tests , motorcycle tests and learning to drive '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theory test for cars and motorcycles '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Penalty points ( endorsements ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oleen , Brooke ; Teigen , Ann ( September 2011 ) . `` Teen Driving '' ( PDF ) . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` How do Graduated Driver 's License Programs and Permits Work '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Instructional Permit ( CP ) '' . Georgia Department of Driver Services . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. `` Important Information About Learner 's Permits '' ( PDF ) . Department of Motor Vehicles . State of New York . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . , `` Learner 's Permit '' . Utah Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Learning to Drive '' . Division of Motor Vehicles . New Hampshire Department of Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Graduated Driver 's Licensing '' . AAA . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teen Drivers Overview '' . National Conference of State Legislatures. April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , eg. , `` Graduated Driver Licensing Program '' . drive.ky.gov . State of Kentucky . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . , `` Teenage & Adult Driver Responsibility Act ( TADRA ) '' . Georgia Department of Driver Services . State of Georgia . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Licensing Requirements for Teens , Graduated Driver License Laws and Driving Curfews '' . Florida Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles . State of Florida . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Graduated Driver License ( GDL ) '' . Oklahoma Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Driver License '' . Colorado Department of Revenue . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learner%27s_permit&oldid=837013508 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Identity documents </Li> <Li> Traffic law </Li> <Li> Driving licences </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> \u65e5\u672c \u8a9e </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 05 : 40 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "God 's Not Dead : a Light in Darkness - Wikipedia <H1> God 's Not Dead : a Light in Darkness </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Michael Mason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David A.R. White </Li> <Li> Michael Scott </Li> <Li> Brittany Yost </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Travis </Li> <Li> Alysoun Wolfe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Michael Mason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David A.R. White </Li> <Li> John Corbett </Li> <Li> Shane Harper </Li> <Li> Ted McGinley </Li> <Li> Tatum O'Neal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Pancho Burgos - Goizueta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Brian Shanley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Joseph Sandoval </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Pure Flix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Pure Flix Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 106 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $5.7 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness is a 2018 American Christian drama film written and directed by Michael Mason . It is the third installment of the God 's Not Dead series , following the 2014 film and its 2016 sequel . It stars David A.R. White , John Corbett , Shane Harper , Benjamin Onyango , Ted McGinley , Jennifer Taylor , Tatum O'Neal , Shwayze and Cissy Houston . </P> <P> Principal photography was completed in Little Rock , Arkansas in December 2017 . It was released in the United States on March 30 , 2018 . Unlike the first two films , A Light in Darkness was a box office bomb , making less in its entire theatrical run ( $5.7 million ) than the others grossed in their respective opening weekends ( $9.7 million and $7.6 million ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> After a bunch of protests by college students against the church of St. James , the college starts the process of shutting down the church much to the dismay of Reverend Dave and his partner Jude . When informed of the decision to shut down the church and to replace it with a building to expand the school , Dave and Jude begin the process of suing the college to save St. James . Things get worse when college student Adam Richertson , a struggling Christian , in protest , tosses a brick into the church , igniting a fire that fatally wounds Jude . Reverend Dave is forced to come to grips with the loss of his dear friend . Adam is horrified by his actions and contemplates whether to confess to the crime , leading him to rediscover his faith in God . </P> <P> During the lawsuit , Dave seeks the help of his estranged brother , attorney Pearce Hill , who tries to explain to Dave that it is not a case worth fighting for . Dave refuses to listen to his brother 's advice and continues the case into court . After failing to reach a settlement with the college , the trial date is set for the lawsuit . At the same time , Adam sends an anonymous text to Reverend Dave confessing to the church fire and a furious Dave assaults him when confronting him . This severely wounds his lawsuit 's case and leads to Adam being arrested and charged as a felony case . </P> <P> After seeking God 's help in church through prayer , Reverend Dave eventually realizes that his case has only made things worse and that St. James is not the right church for God and his followers . He drops his lawsuit , reaches an out - of - court settlement with the college , and after talking with a repentant Adam and consulting with Jude 's family , ultimately asks to have the criminal charges against Adam dropped . He then announces to his college protesters that while St. James will be torn down , he will reopen a new church not far from the school for future followers . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Taylor as Meg Harvey </Li> <Li> John Corbett as Pearce Hill </Li> <Li> Tatum O'Neal as Barbara Solomon </Li> <Li> Ted McGinley as Thomas Ellsworth </Li> <Li> Shane Harper as Josh Wheaton </Li> <Li> David A.R. White as Reverend Dave Hill </Li> <Li> Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude </Li> <Li> Cissy Houston as lead choir vocalist </Li> <Li> Samantha Boscarino as Keaton </Li> <Li> Mike C. Manning as Adam Richertson </Li> <Li> Shwayze </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Principal photography took place in December 2017 around Little Rock , Arkansas . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States and Canada , God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness was released on March 30 , 2018 , alongside Acrimony and Ready Player One , and was projected to gross $4 -- 6 million from 1,685 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to just $2.6 million , finishing 12th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the series . Deadline Hollywood noted the film suffered from being the third film of a trilogy and also said religious audiences saw the film as `` a cash grab and not a movie promoting a Christian message anymore '' , and were more inclined to go to other faith - based films in theaters like I Can Only Imagine and Paul , Apostle of Christ . It fell 58 % in its second weekend to $1.1 million , finishing 17th . By the end of its North American run the film grossed a total of $5.5 million , less than other two films grossed simply in their opening weekends ( $9.7 million and $7.6 million , respectively ) . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 13 % based on 15 reviews , and an average rating of 2.7 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , though as with the second film , Deadline Hollywood noted that `` faith - based films have an easy time gaining an A on CinemaScore '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the fiery trailer for the faith - based film ' God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pure Flix Announces Theatrical Release Date For GOD 'S NOT DEAD : A LIGHT IN DARKNESS '' ( Press release ) . Pure Flix . PR Newswire . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' To Get Its Game On With $140 M+ Global Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Audiences Plug Into ' Ready Player One ' : Steven Spielberg Movie Looking At $53 M+ 4 - Day Score -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Hopes to End March 2018 with a Bang , Not a Whimper '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman 's Knock - Down , Drag - Out Fight with the Box Office : 2nd Weekend At $52 M+ , - 68 % '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness on IMDb </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> God 's Not Dead films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead:_A_Light_in_Darkness&oldid=845133328 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s drama films </Li> <Li> American drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> Films about Christianity </Li> <Li> Films about Evangelicalism </Li> <Li> Films shot in Arkansas </Li> <Li> Pure Flix Entertainment films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 16 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia \u00ae is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "Stephanie Courtney - wikipedia <H1> Stephanie Courtney </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Stephanie Courtney </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1970 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Stony Point , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress , comedian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1995 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Flo in Progressive Insurance ads </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Scott Kolanach ( m . 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Stephanie Courtney ( born February 8 , 1970 ) is an American actress and comedian , best known for playing the advertising character Flo in television and radio commercials for Progressive Corporation beginning in 2008 , and noted for her recurring roles on several television series , including the voices of Renee the Receptionist and Joy Peters on the Adult Swim comedy Tom Goes to the Mayor ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Marge on the AMC drama Mad Men ( 2007 ) ; and Diane on the ABC comedy Cavemen ( 2007 ) . She also appeared in the season 2 premiere of Men of a Certain Age . Courtney was a member of The Groundlings , an improvisational and sketch comedy theater in Los Angeles , California . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and education </Li> <Li> 2 Filmography </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Courtney was born in Stony Point , Rockland County , New York the youngest of three children of a high school history teacher father and a singer mother . In 1992 she graduated from Binghamton University with a degree in English , where she had played Elizabeth Proctor in The Crucible . By then , she said , `` I was never tortured over whether I wanted to become an actress . There was never another option in my mind . '' After graduation , she moved to New York City , where her roommate was future author and columnist Megan Daum . While working as evening secretary for Smith Barney chairman Robert S. Greenhill , Courtney studied acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse . </P> <P> She moved to Los Angeles , where she roomed with her sister , actress Jennifer Courtney . The two wrote and performed the sketch `` Those Courtney Girls '' in Los Angeles and at the Aspen Comedy Festival . She joined the training program of the improvisational and sketch comedy group The Groundlings , and in 2004 became a member of its 30 - person main company . There she met the theater 's lighting director , Scott Kolanach , whom she married in 2008 . </P> <P> During her early time in Los Angeles she worked odd jobs , including catering , to support herself . </P> <P> She has appeared in such films as The Brothers Solomon , Blades of Glory , The Heartbreak Kid , Melvin Goes to Dinner , and Fred : The Movie . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Sweet Bird of You </Td> <Td> Kate </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Melvin Goes to Dinner </Td> <Td> Alex </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Broadcast 23 </Td> <Td> Mrs. Morgan </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> For Your Consideration </Td> <Td> Boom operator </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Blades of Glory </Td> <Td> Reporter at sign ups </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Brothers Solomon , The The Brothers Solomon </Td> <Td> Sara </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Heartbreak Kid , The The Heartbreak Kid </Td> <Td> Gayla </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Coco Lipshitz : Behind the Laughter </Td> <Td> Karen Balsac </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Christmas Eve : Alaska </Td> <Td> Melissa </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fred : The Movie </Td> <Td> Kevin 's mom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred </Td> <Td> Kevin 's mom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Web </P> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mr. Show with Bob and David </Td> <Td> Waitress </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Eat Rotten Fruit from a Shitty Tree '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Tenacious D </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Fan '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Angel </Td> <Td> Gwen ( Files and Records ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Dad '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Everybody Loves Raymond </Td> <Td> Woman </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Cookies '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Man Show , The The Man Show </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The New Guys '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Sketch Pad </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Roller '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Significant Others </Td> <Td> Pam </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A School , Not Cool & a Fool '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Faking the Video </Td> <Td> Fake producer </Td> <Td> Main cast ; 7 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Without a Trace </Td> <Td> Lynette Shaw </Td> <Td> Episode : `` American Goddess '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Tom Goes to the Mayor </Td> <Td> Various voices </Td> <Td> Main cast ; 27 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Charlotte </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Just as I Am '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Comeback , The The Comeback </Td> <Td> Carolina </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Courting Alex </Td> <Td> Ticket agent </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Birthday '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Lovespring International </Td> <Td> Woman on tape </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A Rear Window '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Re-Animated </Td> <Td> Team member Donna </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Deathmatch </Td> <Td> Tina Fey ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Banter Bloodbath '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Mad Men </Td> <Td> Marge </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Cavemen </Td> <Td> Diane </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! </Td> <Td> Demons casting director </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Robin '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Kath & Kim </Td> <Td> Ruth </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Money '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> United States of Tara </Td> <Td> Beth </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Aftermath '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jay Leno Show , The The Jay Leno Show </Td> <Td> Leno family member </Td> <Td> Episode 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sons of Tucson </Td> <Td> Denise </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Break - In '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> House </Td> <Td> Claire </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Selfish '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Men of a Certain Age </Td> <Td> Stephanie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` If I Could , I Surely Would '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Looney Tunes Show , The The Looney Tunes Show </Td> <Td> Emma Webster ( young Granny ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Eligible Bachelors '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Fred : The Show </Td> <Td> Kevin 's mom </Td> <Td> Main cast ; 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Phineas and Ferb </Td> <Td> Additional voices </Td> <Td> Episode : `` What 'd I Miss ? '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2 Broke Girls </Td> <Td> Eleanor </Td> <Td> Episode : `` And the Wedding Cake Cake Cake '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Comedy Bang ! Bang ! </Td> <Td> Blanche </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fred Armisen Wears Black Jeans & Glasses '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> You 're the Worst </Td> <Td> Bookstore manager </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Mike Tyson Mysteries </Td> <Td> Mrs. Ensler ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Ty - Stunned '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> W / Bob and David </Td> <Td> Jeannie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` 1.3 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Major Crimes </Td> <Td> Dr. Deb </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Off the Wagon '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The Goldbergs </Td> <Td> Essie Karp </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Derek and Simon : The Show </Td> <Td> Glenda </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Troubled Times : Part 2 -- Murder & Deception '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Face to Bush </Td> <Td> Mary McQueegle </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Back on Topps </Td> <Td> Debbie Topps </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Video games <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Deathmatch </Td> <Td> Mischa Barton </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Russell , Mallory ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Progressive 's Flo : Standup Comic Stephanie Courtney '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Until Flo Ebbs , Progressive Will Capitalize on Her Popularity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hiltbrand , David ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Actress - comedian Stephanie Courtney finds her niche with insurance commercials '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paknejad , Tina ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Newly Famous Pitchwoman '' . Binghamton University Magazine . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudolph , Heather Wood ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Get That Life : How I Became `` Flo '' From the Progressive Commercials `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parsley , Aaron ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About TV 's Progressive Insurance Lady '' . People . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stephanie Courtney on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Courtney&oldid=842546602 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1970 births </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> American voice actresses </Li> <Li> American women comedians </Li> <Li> Binghamton University alumni </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> People from Stony Point , New York </Li> <Li> Comedians from New York ( state ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Espa\u00f1ol </Li> <Li> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc </Li> <Li> Portugu\u00eas </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 22 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>", 
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    "document_text": "I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) - wikipedia <H1> I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> `` I Love It '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Single by Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> from the album Icona Pop and This Is ... Icona Pop </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 9 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electropop </Li> <Li> dance - pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Ten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlotte Aitchison </Li> <Li> Patrik Berger </Li> <Li> Linus Ekl\u00f6w </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Patrik Berger </Li> <Li> Style of Eye </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Icona Pop singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Charli XCX singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Nuclear Seasons '' ( 2011 ) Nuclear Seasons 2011 </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) I Love It2012 </Td> <Td> `` You 're the One '' ( 2012 ) You 're the One 2012 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Love It '' is a song by Swedish DJ duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX . It was released in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden , where it peaked at number two on the singles chart . The song was added to their debut studio album , Icona Pop , as well as their EP Iconic and their debut international album , This Is ... Icona Pop . </P> <P> The song received positive reviews from music critics , and publications Rolling Stone and Pitchfork included it on their year - end lists for 2012 . The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX 's first US hit , peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States . In June 2013 , over a year after it was released elsewhere , the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Release and promotion </Li> <Li> 4 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6 Track listing </Li> <Li> 7 Charts <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 7.3 All - time chart </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Sales and certifications </Li> <Li> 9 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 10 Release history </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Singer Charli XCX co-wrote and recorded an earlier version of `` I Love It '' . <P> The song was originally written by Charli XCX , whom Icona Pop met several times in London . Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats , and she quickly wrote songs for each of them , one of which became `` I Love It '' and the other of which became her following single `` You 're the One '' . However , she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound . </P> <P> While recording `` Good for You '' with Icona Pop , Berger presented them with Charli 's work on `` I Love It '' . Band member Aino Jawo said she felt a connection to the song because it mirrored her own experiences , and the line `` You 're from the 70s but I 'm a 90s bitch '' reminded her of an older man she had known . Member Caroline Hjelt described Charli XCX 's original demo as `` more cute , in a way ... really cool and cocky '' . Icona Pop approached Swedish producer Style of Eye to make a rougher version of the track , telling him , `` We want the punkiness . We want the ' fuck it ' feeling . '' </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' The song 's chorus features all three singers shouting `` I do n't care / I love it '' in unison . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Love It ( Original Demo ) '' The original version of the song before its composition was reworked . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Love It '' is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute ( Allegro ) , and is described as an electropop and dance - pop song . It is written in A \u266d major , with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression . Billboard critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its `` swells of revving synths '' and prominent sub-bass sounds . Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was `` basically just two - and - a-half minutes of drop '' ; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track 's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music . </P> <P> The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend . In its chorus , Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it '' . Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '' , and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo . </P> <H2> Release and promotion ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Love It '' was released in Sweden in May 2012 . It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48 , and after two months on the chart , the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks . After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of Girls , the song performed better in digital downloads than it had upon initial release . Ten days later it entered the Billboard Hot 100 , eventually climbing to number seven on the chart . Jawo and Hjelt 's first performance with Charli XCX happened in April 2013 , after seeing her back stage at a South by Southwest showcase where both acts were playing . </P> <P> In June 2013 , several cover versions of the song entered the UK Singles Chart , including one by vlogger Venus Angelic . When Icona Pop released their version , it entered at the top of the chart , overtaking Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Love It '' was met with positive reviews from music critics . The song placed 15th on The Village Voice 's 2012 Pazz & Jop list , and it rose to eighth place the following year . Pitchfork Media labeled it `` Best New Music '' , calling the song `` delectable , empowering , infinitely repeatable '' . Pitchfork later listed the song number 50 on its `` Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' list . Rolling Stone placed `` I Love It '' at number 35 on its year - end list , naming it `` the Euro - slut club jam of the summer '' . Amrit Singh for Stereogum described it as `` fun '' , Heather Phares commented Jawo and Hjelt `` half - sung , half - shouted vocals and revved - up synths make the song inescapably catchy '' . Kat Bein of the Miami New Times called the song a `` feminist pop anthem '' . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for `` I Love It '' was directed by Fredrik Etoall . The video was shot in a day by friends of the band while they were in Paris . It shows Jawo and Hjelt playing a show for a crowd shouting the lyrics and dancing , with additional shots from backstage and an after - party . It also includes outdoor shots of them wearing fringed jackets that they made . Charli XCX does not appear in the video . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"3\"> Digital download </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"3\"> Remixes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Club Edit ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Ti\u00ebsto 's Club Life Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"3\"> Remixes ( Part 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Solidisco Mix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"3\"> CD single </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Original Version ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"3\"> Beatport Remixes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 08 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( \u00d63 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Dance ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia Dance ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Hot Pop Songs </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic ( R\u00e1dio Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic ( Singles Digit\u00e1l Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary ( R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel ( Media Forest ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Mega Dance Top 30 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia ( R\u00e1dio Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2013 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Media Control AG ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> All - time chart ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 400 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 4 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 280,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( IFPI Austria ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> 4 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 320,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> 3 \u00d7 Gold </Td> <Td> 450,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 2 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico ( AMPROFON ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Iconic EP version </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87,650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 95,498 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 4 \u00d7 Platinum </Td> <Td> 2,127,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venezuela ( APFV ) </Th> <Td> 2x Platinum </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"3\"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several cover versions have charted in the UK . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> <Th> Reference </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loreen Harris </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Angelic </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Remix Junkies </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Remix Chix </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Music Masters </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2017 , Swedish singer Moneybrother released a punk rock inspired cover version of the song as a part of the eighth season of S\u00e5 mycket b\u00e4ttre . The track received mixed to positive reviews , ultimately failing to chart . </P> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 9 May 2012 </Td> <Td> Record Company TEN </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 5 February 2013 </Td> <Td> Mainstream Airplay </Td> <Td> Atlantic / Big Beat Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 21 June 2013 </Td> <Td> Digital EP </Td> <Td> Warner Records </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Icona Pop 's ' All Night ' is now on the internet , as is the cover of their new album - Popjustice </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Pink Holds at No. 1 on Hot 100 While Rihanna Rules at Radio '' . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Makes Hot 100 Debut , Discusses The Anger Behind ' I Love It ' '' . Billboard. 125 ( 6 ) : 69 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Interview : Charli XCX Talks Debut Album , Internet Haters , and Writing Icona Pop 's ' I Love It ' '' . Complex . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Charli XCX : Pop , punk and synaesthesia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Werthman , Christine ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Icona Pop '' . CMJ . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grisham , Tyler ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Rising : Icona Pop '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charli XCX : ' I do n't regret giving ' I Love It ' to Icona Pop ' '' . NME. 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Singh , Amrit ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Watch Icona Pop Play Fallon '' . Stereogum . Spin Media . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferreiro , Laura ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke Covers Icona Pop 's Summer Hit `` I Love It '' `` . Yahoo Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 16 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop ( We Love It ) and Krewella ( We Do n't ) : Two Heroic , Sis - Centric Punk - Pop LPs '' . Spin . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ekl\u00f6w , Linus ; Berger , Patrik ; Aitchison , Charlotte ( 2012 ) . `` I Love It '' ( sheet music ) . Musicnotes.com . Universal Music Publishing Group . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopper , Jessica ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Pop 's New Icons '' . 125 ( 33 ) . Billboard : 35 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zoladz , Lindsay ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : The Iconic EP '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice , Larry ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : `` I Love It '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trageser , Stephen ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop prepares to rule the global market in dance pop '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Amy ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Staff Lists : The Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eddy , Chuck ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Nightclubbing Catharsis Originated With ' 90s British Dance - Pop Duo Crush '' . Spin . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Is `` Girls '' Finally Gonna Make a Hit Out of Icona Pop 's `` I Love It '' ? `` . Popdust Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cubarrubia , RJ ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop , Charli XCX Party Through ' I Love It ' at SXSW '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Venus Angelic '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Pazz & Jop Singles Winners '' . The Village Voice. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2012 : Icona Pop , ' I Love It ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Icona Pop : Iconic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Aino Jawo : `` We Are Feminists '' `` . Miami New Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , Derek ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : A New Kind Of 90s Bitch '' . DIY . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . \u00d63 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( February -- March 2014 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 47 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u010cNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Radio Top 100 Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201329 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` \u010cNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Digital Top 100 Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201432 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Icona Pop . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arch\u00edvum -- Sl\u00e1gerlist\u00e1k -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiad\u00f3k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arch\u00edvum -- Sl\u00e1gerlist\u00e1k -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . R\u00e1di\u00f3s Top 40 j\u00e1tsz\u00e1si lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiad\u00f3k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Top Digital Download . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dance Top 30 : 02 / 02 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 30 / 03 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - September 14 , 2013 '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitpar\u00e1da -- Radio Top 100 Ofici\u00e1lna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' Canciones Top 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 28 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ R\u00e1di\u00f3s TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts. org. sw . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Best of all time chart -- Top 1000 Singles '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Icona Pop in the field Interpret . Enter I Love It in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop \u2212 Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Music Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ... : Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 : . '' Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Facebook . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recorded Music NZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 \ub144 5 \uc6d4 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 \ub144 6 \uc6d4 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 10 , 10 maj 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . 1 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Love It in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Looking Forward To Miley Cyrus & Katy Perry Tours In 2014 '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LOREEN HARRIS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REMIX JUNKIES '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REMIX CHIX '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NEW MUSIC MASTERS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Som en lagom och uppsluppen personalfest '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Betyg : S\u00e5 bra var tolkningar i `` S\u00e5 mycket b\u00e4ttre '' `` . Expressen . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` I Love It -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I Love It -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> `` I Love It '' on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Icona Pop </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> Caroline Hjelt </Li> <Li> Aino Jawo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Icona Pop ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> This Is ... 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