draft-laurie-pki-sunlight-05.txt

Network Working Group                                          B. Laurie
Internet-Draft                                                A. Langley
Intended status: Experimental                                  E. Kasper
Expires: July 26, 2013                                  January 22, 2013


                        Certificate Transparency
                      draft-laurie-pki-sunlight-06

Abstract

   The aim of Certificate Transparency is to have every public end-
   entity (for example, web servers) and intermediate TLS certificate
   issued by a known Certificate Authority recorded in one or more
   certificate logs.  In order to detect misissuance of certificates,
   all logs are publicly auditable.  In particular, domain owners or
   their agents will be able to monitor logs for certificates issued on
   their own domain.

   To protect TLS clients from unlogged misissued certificates, each log
   signs all certificates it records, and clients can choose not to
   trust certificates that are not accompanied by an appropriate log
   signature.  For privacy and performance reasons log signatures are
   embedded in the TLS handshake via the TLS authorization extension, in
   a stapled OCSP extension, or in the certificate itself via an X.509v3
   certificate extension.

   To ensure a globally consistent view of any particular log, each log
   also provides a global signature over the entire log.  Any
   inconsistency of logs can be detected through cross-checks on the
   global signature.  Consistency between any pair of global signatures,
   corresponding to snapshots of a particular log at different times,
   can be efficiently shown.

   Logs are only expected to certify that they have seen a certificate,
   and thus we do not specify any revocation mechanism for log
   signatures in this document.  Logs are append-only, and log
   signatures do not expire.

   Logs are network services which implement the protocol operations for
   submissions and queries that are defined in this document.










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Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 26, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.














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Table of Contents

   1.  Informal introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Cryptographic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.1.  Merkle Hash Trees  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       2.1.1.  Merkle audit paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       2.1.2.  Merkle consistency proofs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       2.1.3.  Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       2.1.4.  Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   3.  Log Format and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.1.  Log Entries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.2.  Structure of the Signed Certificate Timestamp  . . . . . . 14
     3.3.  Including the Signed Certificate Timestamp in the TLS
           Handshake  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     3.4.  Merkle Tree  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     3.5.  Signed Tree Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   4.  Log Client Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     4.1.  Add Chain to Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     4.2.  Add PreCertChain to Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     4.3.  Retrieve Latest Signed Tree Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     4.4.  Retrieve Merkle Consistency Proof between two Signed
           Tree Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     4.5.  Retrieve Merkle Audit Proof from Log by Leaf Hash  . . . . 20
     4.6.  Retrieve Entries from Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     4.7.  Retrieve Accepted Roots  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     4.8.  Retrieve Entry+Merkle Audit Proof from Log . . . . . . . . 21
     4.9.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   5.  Clients  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.1.  Submitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.2.  TLS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.3.  Monitor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.4.  Auditor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   7.  Security and Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     7.1.  Misissued Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     7.2.  Detection of Misissue  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     7.3.  Misbehaving logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   8.  Efficiency Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   9.  Future Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30










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1.  Informal introduction

   Certificate Transparency aims to mitigate the problem of misissued
   certificates by providing publicly auditable, append-only, untrusted
   logs of all issued certificates.  The logs are publicly auditable so
   that it is possible for anyone to verify the correct operation of
   each log, and to monitor when new certificates are added to it.  The
   logs do not themselves prevent misissue, but they ensure that
   interested parties (particularly those named in certificates) can
   detect such misissuance.  Note that this is a general mechanism, but
   in this document we only describe its use for public TLS server
   certificates issued by public CAs.

   Each log consists of certificate chains, which can be submitted by
   anyone.  It is expected that public CAs will contribute all their
   newly-issued certificates to one or more logs; it is also expected
   that certificate holders will contribute their own certificate
   chains.  In order to avoid logs being spammed into uselessness, it is
   required that each chain is rooted in a known CA certificate.  When a
   chain is submitted to a log, a signed timestamp is returned, which
   can later be used to provide evidence to clients that the chain has
   been submitted.  TLS clients can thus require that all certificates
   they see have been logged.

   Those who are concerned about misissue can monitor the logs, asking
   them regularly for all new entries, and can thus check whether
   domains they are responsible for have had certificates issued that
   they did not expect.  What they do with this information,
   particularly when they find that a misissuance has happened, is
   beyond the scope of this document, but broadly speaking they can
   invoke existing business mechanisms for dealing with misissued
   certificates.  Of course, anyone who wants can monitor the logs, and
   if they believe a certificate is incorrectly issued, take action as
   they see fit.

   Similarly, those who have seen signed timestamps from a particular
   log can later demand a proof of inclusion from that log.  If the log
   is unable to provide this (or, indeed, if the corresponding
   certificate is absent from monitors' copies of that log), that is
   evidence of the incorrect operation of the log.  The checking
   operation is asynchronous to allow TLS connections to proceed without
   delay, despite network connectivity issues and the vagaries of
   firewalls.

   The append-only property of each log is technically achieved using
   Merkle Trees, which can be used to show that any particular version
   of the log is a superset of any particular previous version.
   Likewise, Merkle Trees avoid the need to blindly trust logs: if a log



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   attempts to show different things to different people, this can be
   efficiently detected by comparing tree roots and consistency proofs.
   Similarly, other misbehaviours of any log (e.g. issuing signed
   timestamps for certificates they then don't log) can be efficiently
   detected and proved to the world at large.














































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2.  Cryptographic components

2.1.  Merkle Hash Trees

   Logs use a binary Merkle hash tree for efficient auditing.  The
   hashing algorithm is SHA-256 (note that this is fixed for this
   experiment but it is anticipated that each log would be able to
   specify a hash algorithm).  The input to the Merkle Tree Hash is a
   list of data entries; these entries will be hashed to form the leaves
   of the Merkle hash tree.  The output is a single 32-byte Merkle Tree
   Hash.  Given an ordered list of n inputs, D[n] = {d(0), d(1), ...,
   d(n-1)}, the Merkle Tree Hash (MTH) is thus defined as follows:

   The hash of an empty list is the hash of an empty string:

   MTH({}) = SHA-256().

   The hash of a list with one entry (also known as a leaf hash) is:

   MTH({d(0)}) = SHA-256(0x00 || d(0)).

   For n > 1, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n.  The
   Merkle Tree Hash of an n-element list D[n] is then defined
   recursively as

   MTH(D[n]) = SHA-256(0x01 || MTH(D[0:k]) || MTH(D[k:n])),

   where || is concatenation and D[k1:k2] denotes the length (k2 - k1)
   list {d(k1), d(k1+1),..., d(k2-1)}.  (Note that the hash calculation
   for leaves and nodes differ.  This domain separation is required to
   give second preimage resistance.)

   Note that we do not require the length of the input list to be a
   power of two.  The resulting Merkle tree may thus not be balanced,
   however, its shape is uniquely determined by the number of leaves.
   [This Merkle tree is essentially the same as the history tree
   [CrosbyWallach] proposal, except our definition handles non-full
   trees differently.]

2.1.1.  Merkle audit paths

   A Merkle audit path for a leaf in a Merkle hash tree is the shortest
   list of additional nodes in the Merkle tree required to compute the
   Merkle Tree Hash for that tree.  Each node in the tree is either a
   leaf node, or is computed from the two nodes immediately below it
   (i.e. towards the leaves).  At each step up the tree (towards the
   root), a node from the audit path is combined with the node computed
   so far.  In other words, the audit path consists of the list of



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   missing nodes required to compute the nodes leading from a leaf to
   the root of the tree.  If the root computed from the audit path
   matches the true root, then the audit path is proof that the leaf
   exists in the tree.

   Given an ordered list of n inputs to the tree, D[n] = {d(0), ...,
   d(n-1)}, the Merkle audit path PATH(m, D[n]) for the (m+1)th input
   d(m), 0 <= m < n, is defined as follows:

   The path for the single leaf in a tree with a one-element input list
   D[1] = {d(0)} is empty:

   PATH(0, {d(0)}) = {}

   For n > 1, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n.  The
   path for the (m+1)th element d(m) in a list of n > m elements is then
   defined recursively as

   PATH(m, D[n]) = PATH(m, D[0:k]) : MTH(D[k:n]) for m < k; and

   PATH(m, D[n]) = PATH(m - k, D[k:n]) : MTH(D[0:k]) for m >= k,

   where : is concatenation of lists and D[k1:k2] denotes the length (k2
   - k1) list {d(k1), d(k1+1),..., d(k2-1)} as before.

2.1.2.  Merkle consistency proofs

   Merkle consistency proofs prove the append-only property of the tree.
   A Merkle consistency proof for a Merkle Tree Hash MTH(D[n]) and a
   previously advertised hash MTH(D[0:m]) of the first m leaves, m <= n,
   is the list of nodes in the Merkle tree required to verify that the
   first m inputs D[0:m] are equal in both trees.  Thus, a consistency
   proof must contain a set of intermediate nodes (i.e., commitments to
   inputs) sufficient to verify MTH(D[n]), such that (a subset of) the
   same nodes can be used to verify MTH(D[0:m]).  We define an algorithm
   that outputs the (unique) minimal consistency proof.

   Given an ordered list of n inputs to the tree, D[n] = {d(0), ...,
   d(n-1)}, the Merkle consistency proof PROOF(m, D[n]) for a previous
   Merkle Tree Hash MTH(D[0:m]), 0 < m < n, is defined as PROOF(m, D[n])
   = SUBPROOF(m, D[n], true):

   The subproof for m = n is empty if m is the value for which PROOF was
   originally requested (meaning that the subtree Merkle Tree Hash
   MTH(D[0:m]) is known):

   SUBPROOF(m, D[m], true) = {}




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   The subproof for m = n is the Merkle Tree Hash committing inputs
   D[0:m] otherwise:

   SUBPROOF(m, D[m], false) = {MTH(D[m])}

   For m < n, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n.  The
   subproof is then defined recursively.

   If m <= k, the right subtree entries D[k:n] only exist in the current
   tree.  We prove that the left subtree entries D[0:k] are consistent
   and add a commitment to D[k:n]:

   SUBPROOF(m, D[n], b) = SUBPROOF(m, D[0:k], b) : MTH(D[k:n]).

   If m > k, the left subtree entries D[0:k] are identical in both
   trees.  We prove that the right subtree entries D[k:n] are consistent
   and add a commitment to D[0:k].

   SUBPROOF(m, D[n], b) = SUBPROOF(m - k, D[k:n], false) : MTH(D[0:k]).

   Here : is concatenation of lists and D[k1:k2] denotes the length (k2
   - k1) list {d(k1), d(k1+1),..., d(k2-1)} as before.

   The number of nodes in the resulting proof is bounded above by
   ceil(log2(n)) + 1.

2.1.3.  Example

   The binary Merkle tree with 7 leaves:

               hash
              /    \
             /      \
            /        \
           /          \
          /            \
         k              l
        / \            / \
       /   \          /   \
      /     \        /     \
     g       h      i      j
    / \     / \    / \     |
    a b     c d    e f     d6
    | |     | |    | |
   d0 d1   d2 d3  d4 d5

   The audit path for d0 is [b, h, l].




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   The audit path for d3 is [c, g, l].

   The audit path for d4 is [f, j, k].

   The audit path for d6 is [i, k].

   The same tree, built incrementally in four steps:

       hash0          hash1=k
       / \              /  \
      /   \            /    \
     /     \          /      \
     g      c         g       h
    / \     |        / \     / \
    a b     d2       a b     c d
    | |              | |     | |
   d0 d1            d0 d1   d2 d3

             hash2                    hash
             /  \                    /    \
            /    \                  /      \
           /      \                /        \
          /        \              /          \
         /          \            /            \
        k            i          k              l
       / \          / \        / \            / \
      /   \         e f       /   \          /   \
     /     \        | |      /     \        /     \
    g       h      d4 d5    g       h      i      j
   / \     / \             / \     / \    / \     |
   a b     c d             a b     c d    e f     d6
   | |     | |             | |     | |    | |
   d0 d1   d2 d3           d0 d1   d2 d3  d4 d5

   The consistency proof between hash0 and hash is PROOF(3, D[7]) = [c,
   d, g, l]. c, g are used to verify hash0, and d, l are additionally
   used to show hash is consistent with hash0.

   The consistency proof between hash1 and hash is PROOF(4, D[7]) = [l].
   hash can be verified, using hash1=k and l.

   The consistency proof between hash2 and hash is PROOF(6, D[7]) = [i,
   j, k]. k, i are used to verify hash2, and j is additionally used to
   show hash is consistent with hash2.







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2.1.4.  Signatures

   Various data structures are signed.  A log MUST use either elliptic
   curve signatures using the NIST P-256 curve (section D.1.2.3 of DSS
   [DSS]) or RSA signatures using a key of at least 2048 bits.














































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3.  Log Format and Operation

   Anyone can submit certificates to certificate logs for public
   auditing, however, since certificates will not be accepted by TLS
   clients unless logged, it is expected that certificate owners or
   their CAs will usually submit them.  A log is a single, ever-growing,
   append-only Merkle Tree of such certificates.

   When a valid certificate is submitted to a log, the log MUST
   immediately return a Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT).  The SCT is
   the log's promise to incorporate the certificate in the Merkle Tree
   within a fixed amount of time known as the Maximum Merge Delay (MMD).
   If the log has previously seen the certificate, it MAY return the
   same SCT as it returned before.  TLS servers MUST present an SCT from
   one or more logs to the TLS client together with the certificate.
   TLS clients MUST reject certificates that do not have a valid SCT for
   the end-entity certificate.

   Periodically, each log appends all its new entries to the Merkle
   Tree, and signs the root of the tree.  Auditors can thus verify that
   each certificate for which an SCT has been issued indeed appears in
   the log.  The log MUST incorporate a certificate in its Merkle Tree
   within the Maximum Merge Delay period after the issuance of the SCT.

   Logs MUST NOT impose any conditions on retrieving or sharing data
   from the log.

3.1.  Log Entries

   Anyone can submit a certificate to any log.  In order to enable
   attribution of each logged certificate to its issuer, the log SHALL
   publish a list of acceptable root certificates (this list might
   usefully be the union of root certificates trusted by major browser
   vendors).  Each submitted certificate MUST be accompanied by all
   additional certificates required to verify the certificate chain up
   to an accepted root certificate.  The root certificate itself MAY be
   omitted from this list.

   Alternatively, (root as well as intermediate) Certificate Authorities
   may submit a certificate to logs prior to issuance.  To do so, a
   Certificate Authority constructs a Precertificate by adding a special
   critical poison extension (OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.3, whose
   extnValue OCTET STRING contains ASN.1 NULL data (0x05 0x00)) to the
   end entity TBSCertificate (this extension is to ensure that the
   Precertificate cannot be validated by a standard X.509v3 client), and
   signing the resulting TBSCertificate [RFC5280] with either





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   o  a special-purpose (Extended Key Usage: Certificate Transparency,
      OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.4) Precertificate Signing Certificate.
      The Precertificate Signing Certificate MUST be certified by the CA
      certificate that will ultimately sign the end entity
      TBSCertificate yielding the end entity certificate (note that the
      log may relax standard validation rules to allow this, so long as
      the issued certificate will be valid),

   o  or, the CA certificate that will sign the final certificate.

   As above, the Precertificate submission MUST be accompanied by the
   Precertificate Signing Certificate, if used, and all additional
   certificates required to verify the chain up to an accepted root
   certificate.  The signature on the TBSCertificate indicates the
   Certificate Authority's intent to issue a certificate.  This intent
   is considered binding (i.e., misissuance of the Precertificate is
   considered equal to misissuance of the final certificate).  Each log
   verifies the Precertificate signature chain, and issues a Signed
   Certificate Timestamp on the corresponding TBSCertificate.

   Logs MUST verify that the submitted end entity certificate or
   Precertificate has a valid signature chain leading back to a trusted
   root CA certificate, using the chain of intermediate CA certificates
   provided by the submitter.  In case of Precertificates, each log MUST
   also verify that the Precertificate Signing Certificate has the
   correct Extended Key Usage extension.  Logs MAY accept certificates
   that have expired, are not yet valid, have been revoked or are
   otherwise not fully valid according to X.509 verification rules in
   order to accomodate quirks of CA certificate issuing software.
   However, logs MUST refuse to publish certificates without a valid
   chain to a known root CA.  If a certificate is accepted and an SCT
   issued, the accepting log MUST store the chain used for verification
   including the certificate or Precertificate itself, and MUST present
   this chain for auditing upon request.  This chain is required to
   prevent a CA avoiding blame by logging a partial or empty chain
   [Note: this effectively excludes self-signed and DANE-based
   certificates until some mechanism to control spam for those
   certificates is found - the authors welcome suggestions].

   Each certificate entry in a log MUST include the following
   components:










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       enum { x509_entry(0), precert_entry(1), (65535) } LogEntryType;

       struct {
           LogEntryType entry_type;
           select (entry_type) {
               case x509_entry: X509ChainEntry;
               case precert_entry: PrecertChainEntry;
           } entry;
       } LogEntry;

       opaque ASN.1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

       struct {
           ASN.1Cert leaf_certificate;
           ASN.1Cert certificate_chain<0..2^24-1>;
       } X509ChainEntry;

       struct {
           ASN.1Cert tbs_certificate;
           ASN.1Cert precertificate_chain<1..2^24-1>;
       } PrecertChainEntry;

   Logs MAY limit the length of chain they will accept.

   "entry_type" is the type of this entry.  Future revisions of this
   protocol version may add new LogEntryType values.  Section 4 explains
   how clients should handle unknown entry types.

   "leaf_certificate" is the end-entity certificate submitted for
   auditing.

   "certificate_chain" is a chain of additional certificates required to
   verify the end entity certificate.  The first certificate MUST
   certify the end entity certificate.  Each following certificate MUST
   directly certify the one preceding it.  The self-signed root
   certificate MAY be omitted from the chain.

   "tbs_certificate" is the TBSCertificate component of the
   Precertificate (i.e., the original TBSCertificate, without the
   Precertificate signature and the SCT extension).

   "precertificate_chain" is a chain of certificates required to verify
   the Precertificate submission.  The first certificate MUST be the
   original Precertificate, with its unsigned part matching the
   "tbs_certificate".  The second certificate MUST be a valid
   Precertificate Signing Certificate, and MUST certify the first
   certificate.  Each following certificate MUST directly certify the
   one preceding it.  The self-signed root certificate MAY be omitted



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   from the chain.

3.2.  Structure of the Signed Certificate Timestamp

       enum { certificate_timestamp(0), tree_hash(1), 255 }
         SignatureType;

       enum { v1(0), 255 }
         Version;

         struct {
             opaque key_id[32];
         } LogID;

         opaque CtExtensions<0..2^16-1>;

   "key_id" is the SHA-256 hash of the log's public key, calculated over
   the DER encoding of the key represented as SubjectPublicKeyInfo.

       struct {
           Version sct_version;
           LogID id;
           uint64 timestamp;
           CtExtensions extensions;
           digitally-signed struct {
               Version sct_version;
               SignatureType signature_type = certificate_timestamp;
               uint64 timestamp;
               LogEntryType entry_type;
               select(entry_type) {
                   case x509_entry: ASN.1Cert;
                   case precert_entry: ASN.1Cert;
               } signed_entry;
              CtExtensions extensions;
           };
       } SignedCertificateTimestamp;

   The encoding of the digitally-signed element is defined in [RFC5246].

   "sct_version" is the version of the protocol the SCT conforms to.
   This version is v1.

   "timestamp" is the current UTC time since epoch (January 1, 1970,
   00:00), in milliseconds.

   "entry_type" may be implicit from the context in which the SCT is
   presented.




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   "signed_entry" is the "leaf_certificate" (in case of an
   X509ChainEntry), or "tbs_certificate" (in case of a
   PrecertChainEntry).

   "extensions" are future extensions to this protocol version (v1).
   Currently, no extensions are specified.

3.3.  Including the Signed Certificate Timestamp in the TLS Handshake

   The SCT data corresponding to the end entity certificate from at
   least one log must be included in the TLS handshake, either by using
   an X509v3 certificate extension as described below, by using an
   Authorization Extension [RFC5878] with type 182, or by using OCSP
   Stapling (section 8 of [RFC6066]), where the response includes an
   OCSP extension with OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.5 (see [RFC2560]) and
   body:

       SignedCertificateTimestampList ::= OCTET STRING

   At least one SCT MUST be included.  Server operators MAY include more
   than one SCT.

   Similarly, a Certificate Authority MAY submit a precertificate to
   more than one log, and all obtained SCTs can be directly embedded in
   the final certificate, by encoding the SignedCertificateTimestampList
   structure as an ASN.1 OCTET STRING and inserting the resulting data
   in the TBSCertificate as an X.509v3 certificate extension (OID
   1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.2).  Upon receiving the certificate, clients
   can reconstruct the original TBSCertificate to verify the SCT
   signature [TBD: how?].

   The contents of the ASN.1 OCTET STRING embedded in an OCSP extension
   or X509v3 certificate extension are as follows:

        opaque SerializedSCT<1..2^16-1>;

        struct {
            SerializedSCT sct_list <1..2^16-1>;
        } SignedCertificateTimestampList;

   Here "SerializedSCT" is an opaque bytestring that contains the
   serialized TLS structure.  This encoding ensures that TLS clients can
   decode each SCT individually (i.e., if there is a version upgrade,
   out of date clients can still parse old SCTs while skipping over new
   SCTs whose version they don't understand).

   SCTs embedded in the TLS Authorization Extension are each encoded as
   an individual AuthorizationDataEntry [RFC5878].



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   TLS clients MUST implement all three mechanisms.  Servers MUST
   implement at least one of the three mechanisms.  Note that existing
   TLS servers can generally use the certificate extension mechanism
   without modification.

   TLS servers should send SCTs from multiple logs in case one or more
   logs is not acceptable to the client (for example, if a log has been
   struck off for misbehaviour or has had a key compromise).

3.4.  Merkle Tree

   The hashing algorithm for the Merkle Tree Hash is SHA-256.

   Structure of the Merkle Tree input:

       enum { timestamped_entry(0), 255 }
         MerkleLeafType;

       struct {
           uint64 timestamp;
           LogEntryType entry_type;
           select(entry_type) {
               case x509_entry: ASN.1Cert;
               case precert_entry: ASN.1Cert;
           } signed_entry;
           CtExtensions extensions;
       } TimestampedEntry;

       struct {
           Version version;
           MerkleLeafType leaf_type;
           select (leaf_type) {
               case timestamped_entry: TimestampedEntry;
           }
       } MerkleTreeLeaf;

   Here "version" is the version of the protocol the MerkleTreeLeaf
   corresponds to.  This version is v1.

   "leaf_type" is the type of the leaf input.  Currently, only
   "timestamped_entry" (corresponding to an SCT) is defined.  Future
   revisions of this protocol version may add new MerkleLeafType types.
   Section 4 explains how clients should handle unknown leaf types.

   "timestamp" is the timestamp of the corresponding SCT issued for this
   certificate.

   "signed_entry" is the "signed_entry" of the corresponding SCT.



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   "extensions" are "extensions" of the corresponding SCT.

   The leaves of the Merkle Tree are the leaf hashes of the
   corresponding "MerkleTreeLeaf" structures.

3.5.  Signed Tree Head

   Every time a log appends new entries to the tree, the log SHOULD sign
   the corresponding tree hash and tree information (see the
   corresponding Signed Tree Head client message in Section 4.3).  The
   signature for that data is structured as follows:


       digitally-signed struct {
           Version version;
           SignatureType signature_type = tree_hash;
           uint64 timestamp;
           uint64 tree_size;
           opaque sha256_root_hash[32];
       } TreeHeadSignature;

   "version" is the version of the protocol the TreeHeadSignature
   conforms to.  This version is v1.

   "timestamp" is the current time.  The timestamp MUST be at least as
   recent as the most recent SCT timestamp in the tree.  Each subsequent
   timestamp MUST be more recent than the timestamp of the previous
   update.

   "tree_size" equals the number of entries in the new tree.

   "sha256_root_hash" is the root of the Merkle Hash Tree.

   Each log MUST produce on demand a Signed Tree Head that is no older
   than the Maximum Merge Delay.  In the unlikely event that it receives
   no new submissions during an MMD period, the log SHALL sign the same
   Merkle Tree Hash with a fresh timestamp.














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4.  Log Client Messages

   Messages are sent as HTTPS GET or POST requests.  Parameters for
   POSTs and all responses are encoded as JSON objects [RFC4627].
   Parameters for GETs are encoded as order independent key/value URL
   parameters, using the "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" format
   described in the "HTML 4.01 Specification" [HTML401].  Binary data is
   base64 encoded as specified in the individual messages.

   The <log server> prefix can include a path as well as a server name
   and a port.

   In general, where needed, the "version" is v1 and the "id" is the log
   id for the log server queried.

   Any errors will be returned as HTTP 4xx or 5xx responses, with human
   readable error messages.

4.1.  Add Chain to Log

   POST https://<log server>/ct/v1/add-chain

   Inputs

   chain  An array of base64 encoded certificates.  The first element is
      the end entity certificate, the second chains to the first and so
      on to the last, which is either the root certificate or a
      certificate that chains to a known root certificate.

   Outputs

   sct_version  The version of the SignedCertificateTimestamp structure,
      in decimal.  A compliant v1 implementation MUST NOT expect this to
      be 0 (i.e. v1).

   id The log ID, base64 encoded.  Since log clients who request an SCT
      for inclusion in TLS handshakes are not required to verify it, we
      do not assume they know the ID of the log.

   timestamp  The SCT timestamp, in decimal.

   extensions  An opaque type for future expansion.  It is likely that
      not all participants will need to understand data in this field.
      Logs should set this to the empty string.  Clients should decode
      the base64 encoded data and include it in the SCT.






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   signature  The SCT signature, base64 encoded.

   If the "sct_version" is not v1, then a v1 client may be unable to
   verify the signature.  It MUST NOT construe this as an error.  [Note:
   log clients don't need to be able to verify this structure, only TLS
   clients do - if we were to serve the structure binary, then we could
   completely change it without requiring an upgrade to v1 clients].

4.2.  Add PreCertChain to Log

   POST https://<log server>/ct/v1/add-pre-chain

   Inputs

   chain  An array of base64 encoded precertificates.  The first element
      is the end entity certificate, the second chains to the first and
      so on to the last, which is either the root certificate or a
      certificate that chains to a known root certificate.

   Outputs are the same as Section 4.1.

4.3.  Retrieve Latest Signed Tree Head

   GET https://<log server>/ct/v1/get-sth

   No inputs.

   Outputs

   tree_size  The size of the tree, in entries, in decimal.

   timestamp  The timestamp, in decimal.

   sha256_root_hash  The Merkle Tree Hash of the tree, in base64.

   tree_head_signature  A TreeHeadSignature for the above data.

4.4.  Retrieve Merkle Consistency Proof between two Signed Tree Heads

   GET https://<log server>/ct/v1/get-sth-consistency

   Inputs

   first  The tree_size of the first tree, in decimal.







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   second  The tree_size of the second tree, in decimal.

   Both tree sizes must be from existing v1 STHs (Signed Tree Heads).

   Outputs

   consistency  An array of Merkle tree nodes, base64 encoded.

   Note that no signature is required on this data, as it is used to
   verify an STH, which is signed.

4.5.  Retrieve Merkle Audit Proof from Log by Leaf Hash

   GET https://<log server>/ct/v1/get-proof-by-hash

   Inputs

   hash  A base64 encoded v1 leaf hash.

   tree_size  The tree_size of the tree to base the proof on, in
      decimal.

   The "hash" must be calculated as defined in Section 3.4.  The
   "tree_size" must designate an existing v1 STH.

   Outputs

   timestamp  The tree's timestamp, in decimal.

   leaf_index  The index of the end entity corresponding to the "hash"
      parameter.

   audit_path  An array of base64 encoded Merkle tree nodes proving the
      inclusion of the chosen certificate.

4.6.  Retrieve Entries from Log

   GET https://<log server>/ct/v1/get-entries

   Inputs

   start  Index of first entry to retrieve, in decimal.

   end  Index of last entry to retrieve, in decimal.

   Outputs





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   entries  An array of objects, each consisting of

      leaf_input  The base64-encoded MerkleTreeLeaf structure.

      extra_data  The base64-encoded unsigned data pertaining to the log
         entry.  In the case of an X509ChainEntry, this is the
         "certificate_chain".  In the case of a PrecertChainEntry, this
         is the "precertificate_chain".

   Note that this message is not signed - the retrieved data can be
   verified by constructing the Merkle Tree Hash corresponding to a
   retrieved STH.  All leaves MUST be v1.  However, a compliant v1
   client MUST NOT construe an unrecognized MerkleLeafType or
   LogEntryType value as an error.  This means it may be unable to parse
   some entries, but note that each client can inspect the entries it
   does recognize, as well as verify the integrity of the data by
   treating unrecognized leaves as opaque input to the tree.

4.7.  Retrieve Accepted Roots

   [TBD]

4.8.  Retrieve Entry+Merkle Audit Proof from Log

   GET https://<log server>/ct/v1/get-entry-and-proof

   Inputs

   leaf_index  The index of the desired entry.

   tree_size  The tree_size of the tree for which the proof is desired.

   The tree size must designate an existing STH.

   Outputs

   entries  An array of objects, each consisting of

      leaf_input  The base64-encoded MerkleTreeLeaf structure.

      auxiliary_data  The base64-encoded unsigned data, same as in
         Section 4.6.

   timestamp  The tree's timestamp, in decimal.







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   audit_path  An array of base64 encoded Merkle tree nodes proving the
      inclusion of the chosen certificate.

   This API is probably only useful for debugging.

4.9.  Examples

   [TBD]











































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5.  Clients

   There are various different functions clients of logs might perform.
   We describe here some typical clients and how they could function.
   Any inconsistency may be used as evidence that a log has not behaved
   correctly, and the signatures on the data structures prevent the log
   from denying that misbehaviour.

   All clients should gossip with each other, exchanging STHs at least:
   this is all that is required to ensure that they all have a
   consistent view.  The exact mechanism for gossip will be described in
   an separate document, but it is expected there will be a variety.

5.1.  Submitters

   Submitters submit certificates or precertificates to the log as
   described above.  They may go on to use the returned SCT to construct
   a certificate or use it directly in a TLS handshake.

5.2.  TLS Client

   TLS clients are not directly clients of the log, but they receive
   SCTs alongside or in server certificates.  They should validate the
   SCT by checking that the hash matches the hash of the certificate and
   that the signature can be verified by the corresponding log's public
   key.  Note that this document does not describe how clients obtain
   public keys.

5.3.  Monitor

   Monitors watch logs and check that they behave correctly.  They also
   watch for certificates of interest.

   A monitor needs to, at least, inspect every new entry in each log it
   watches.  It may also want to keep copies of entire logs.  In order
   to do this, it should follow these steps for each log:

   1.  Fetch the current STH using Section 4.3.

   2.  Verify the STH signature.

   3.  Fetch all the entries in the tree corresponding to the STH using
       Section 4.6.

   4.  Confirm that the tree made from the fetched entries produces the
       same hash as that in the STH.





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   5.  Fetch the current STH using Section 4.3.  Repeat until STH
       changes.

   6.  Verify the STH signature.

   7.  Fetch all the new entries in the tree corresponding to the STH
       using Section 4.6.  If they remain unavailable for an extended
       period, then this should be viewed as misbehaviour on the part of
       the log.

   8.  Either:

       1.  Verify that the updated list of all entries generates a tree
           with the same hash as the new STH.

       Or, if it is not keeping all log entries:

       2.  Fetch a consistency proof for the new STH with the previous
           STH using Section 4.4.

       3.  Verify the consistency proof.

       4.  Verify that the new entries generate the corresponding
           elements in the consistency proof.

   9.  Go to Step 5.

5.4.  Auditor

   Auditors take partial information about a log as input and verify
   that this information is consistent with other partial information
   they have.  An auditor might be an integral component of a TLS
   client, it might be a standalone service or it might be a secondary
   function of a monitor.

   Any pair of STHs from the same log can be verified by requesting a
   consistency proof using Section 4.4.

   A certificate accompanied by an SCT can be verified against any STH
   dated after the SCT timestamp + the Maximum Merge Delay by requesting
   a Merkle Audit Proof using Section 4.5.

   Auditors can fetch STHs from time to time of their own accord, of
   course, using Section 4.3.







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6.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to allocate an RFC 5878 AuthorizationData Type for
   the CST included in an Authorization Extension.  The value 182 is
   preferred.














































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7.  Security and Privacy Considerations

7.1.  Misissued Certificates

   Misissued certificates that have not been publicly logged, and thus
   do not have a valid SCT, will be rejected by TLS clients.  Misissued
   certificates that do have an SCT from a log will appear in that
   public log within the Maximum Merge Delay, assuming the log is
   operating correctly.  Thus, the maximum period of time during which a
   misissued certificate can be used without being available for audit
   is the MMD.

7.2.  Detection of Misissue

   The logs do not themselves detect misissued certificates, they rely
   instead on interested parties, such as domain owners, to monitor them
   and take corrective action when a misissue is detected.

7.3.  Misbehaving logs

   A log can misbehave in two ways: (1), by failing to incorporate a
   certificate with an SCT in the Merkle Tree within the MMD; and (2),
   by violating its append-only property by presenting two different,
   conflicting views of the Merkle Tree at different times and/or to
   different parties.  Both forms of violation will be promptly and
   publicly detectable.

   Violation of the MMD contract is detected by log clients requesting a
   Merkle audit proof for each observed SCT.  These checks can be
   asynchronous, and need only be done once per each certificate.  In
   order to protect the clients' privacy, these checks need not reveal
   the exact certificate to the log.  Clients can instead request the
   proof from a trusted auditor (since anyone can compute the audit
   proofs from the log), or request Merkle proofs for a batch of
   certificates around the SCT timestamp.

   Violation of the append-only property is detected by global
   gossiping, i.e., everyone auditing logs comparing their versions of
   the latest signed tree heads.  As soon as two conflicting signed tree
   heads for the same log are detected, this is cryptographic proof of
   that log's misbehaviour.










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8.  Efficiency Considerations

   The Merkle tree design serves the purpose of keeping communication
   overhead low.

   Auditing logs for integrity does not require third parties to
   maintain a copy of each entire log.  The Signed Tree Heads can be
   updated as new entries become available, without recomputing entire
   trees.  Third party auditors need only fetch the Merkle consistency
   proofs against a log's existing STH to efficiently verify the append-
   only property of updates to their Merkle Trees, without auditing the
   entire tree.







































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9.  Future Changes

   This section lists things we might address in a Standards Track
   version of this document.

   Rather than forcing a log operator to create a new log in order to
   change the log signing key, we may allow some key roll mechanism.

   We may add hash and signing algorithm agility.

   We may describe some gossip protocols.








































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10.  References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2560]  Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S., and C.
              Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online
              Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP", RFC 2560, June 1999.

   [RFC4627]  Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
              JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5878]  Brown, M. and R. Housley, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Authorization Extensions", RFC 5878, May 2010.

   [RFC6066]  Eastlake, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions:
              Extension Definitions", RFC 6066, January 2011.

   [DSS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Digital Signature Standard",
              FIPS 186-3, June 2009.

   [CrosbyWallach]
              Crosby, S. and D. Wallach, "Efficient data structures for
              tamper-evident logging", 2009.

   [HTML401]  Hors, A., Raggett, D., and I. Jacobs, "HTML 4.01
              Specification", World Wide Web Consortium
              Recommendation REC-html401-19991224, December 1999,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224>.













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Authors' Addresses

   Ben Laurie

   Email: benl@google.com


   Adam Langley

   Email: agl@google.com


   Emilia Kasper

   Email: ekasper@google.com




































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