memcached.c

/* -*- Mode: C; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*- */
/*
 *  memcached - memory caching daemon
 *
 *       https://www.memcached.org/
 *
 *  Copyright 2003 Danga Interactive, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 *
 *  Use and distribution licensed under the BSD license.  See
 *  the LICENSE file for full text.
 *
 *  Authors:
 *      Anatoly Vorobey <mellon@pobox.com>
 *      Brad Fitzpatrick <brad@danga.com>
 */
#include "memcached.h"
#include "storage.h"
#include "authfile.h"
#include "restart.h"
#include <stdint.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

/* some POSIX systems need the following definition
 * to get mlockall flags out of sys/mman.h.  */
#ifndef _P1003_1B_VISIBLE
#define _P1003_1B_VISIBLE
#endif
#include <pwd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sysexits.h>
#include <stddef.h>

#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
#include <getopt.h>
#endif

#include "tls.h"

#include "proto_text.h"
#include "proto_bin.h"
#include "proto_proxy.h"

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#endif

/*
 * forward declarations
 */
static void drive_machine(conn *c);
static int new_socket(struct addrinfo *ai);
static ssize_t tcp_read(conn *arg, void *buf, size_t count);
static ssize_t tcp_sendmsg(conn *arg, struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
static ssize_t tcp_write(conn *arg, void *buf, size_t count);

enum try_read_result {
    READ_DATA_RECEIVED,
    READ_NO_DATA_RECEIVED,
    READ_ERROR,            /** an error occurred (on the socket) (or client closed connection) */
    READ_MEMORY_ERROR      /** failed to allocate more memory */
};

static int try_read_command_negotiate(conn *c);
static int try_read_command_udp(conn *c);

static enum try_read_result try_read_network(conn *c);
static enum try_read_result try_read_udp(conn *c);

static int start_conn_timeout_thread(void);

/* stats */
static void stats_init(void);
static void conn_to_str(const conn *c, char *addr, char *svr_addr);

/* defaults */
static void settings_init(void);

/* event handling, network IO */
static void event_handler(const evutil_socket_t fd, const short which, void *arg);
static void conn_close(conn *c);
static void conn_init(void);
static bool update_event(conn *c, const int new_flags);
static void complete_nread(conn *c);

static void conn_free(conn *c);

/** exported globals **/
struct stats stats;
struct stats_state stats_state;
struct settings settings;
time_t process_started;     /* when the process was started */
conn **conns;

struct slab_rebalance slab_rebal;
volatile int slab_rebalance_signal;
#ifdef EXTSTORE
/* hoping this is temporary; I'd prefer to cut globals, but will complete this
 * battle another day.
 */
void *ext_storage = NULL;
#endif
/** file scope variables **/
static conn *listen_conn = NULL;
static int max_fds;
static struct event_base *main_base;

/* 10M KV pairs with V=1KB, 11.3G */
/* 69G need 61M */
static unsigned long key_max = 15UL;
static int running_insertion_ratio = 0;
static unsigned long n_running_phase_ops = 10000000UL;

/* Record specified stage */
#define RECORD_RUNNING 1
#define RECORD_LOADING 2
#define RECORD_LOADING_END 3 
static int record_stage = 1; 
static int perf_ctl_fd = -1;
static int perf_ack_fd = -1;

/* enable / disable perf */
#define ENABLE_PERF asm volatile("xchg %r10, %r10")
#define DISABLE_PERF asm volatile("xchg %r11, %r11")

enum transmit_result {
    TRANSMIT_COMPLETE,   /** All done writing. */
    TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE, /** More data remaining to write. */
    TRANSMIT_SOFT_ERROR, /** Can't write any more right now. */
    TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR  /** Can't write (c->state is set to conn_closing) */
};

/* Default methods to read from/ write to a socket */
ssize_t tcp_read(conn *c, void *buf, size_t count) {
    assert (c != NULL);
    return read(c->sfd, buf, count);
}

ssize_t tcp_sendmsg(conn *c, struct msghdr *msg, int flags) {
    assert (c != NULL);
    return sendmsg(c->sfd, msg, flags);
}

ssize_t tcp_write(conn *c, void *buf, size_t count) {
    assert (c != NULL);
    return write(c->sfd, buf, count);
}

static enum transmit_result transmit(conn *c);

/* This reduces the latency without adding lots of extra wiring to be able to
 * notify the listener thread of when to listen again.
 * Also, the clock timer could be broken out into its own thread and we
 * can block the listener via a condition.
 */
static volatile bool allow_new_conns = true;
static int stop_main_loop = NOT_STOP;
static struct event maxconnsevent;
static void maxconns_handler(const evutil_socket_t fd, const short which, void *arg) {
    struct timeval t = {.tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 10000};

    if (fd == -42 || allow_new_conns == false) {
        /* reschedule in 10ms if we need to keep polling */
        evtimer_set(&maxconnsevent, maxconns_handler, 0);
        event_base_set(main_base, &maxconnsevent);
        evtimer_add(&maxconnsevent, &t);
    } else {
        evtimer_del(&maxconnsevent);
        accept_new_conns(true);
    }
}

/*
 * given time value that's either unix time or delta from current unix time, return
 * unix time. Use the fact that delta can't exceed one month (and real time value can't
 * be that low).
 */
rel_time_t realtime(const time_t exptime) {
    /* no. of seconds in 30 days - largest possible delta exptime */

    if (exptime == 0) return 0; /* 0 means never expire */

    if (exptime > REALTIME_MAXDELTA) {
        /* if item expiration is at/before the server started, give it an
           expiration time of 1 second after the server started.
           (because 0 means don't expire).  without this, we'd
           underflow and wrap around to some large value way in the
           future, effectively making items expiring in the past
           really expiring never */
        if (exptime <= process_started)
            return (rel_time_t)1;
        return (rel_time_t)(exptime - process_started);
    } else {
        return (rel_time_t)(exptime + current_time);
    }
}

static void stats_init(void) {
    memset(&stats, 0, sizeof(struct stats));
    memset(&stats_state, 0, sizeof(struct stats_state));
    stats_state.accepting_conns = true; /* assuming we start in this state. */

    /* make the time we started always be 2 seconds before we really
       did, so time(0) - time.started is never zero.  if so, things
       like 'settings.oldest_live' which act as booleans as well as
       values are now false in boolean context... */
    process_started = time(0) - ITEM_UPDATE_INTERVAL - 2;
    stats_prefix_init(settings.prefix_delimiter);
}

void stats_reset(void) {
    STATS_LOCK();
    memset(&stats, 0, sizeof(struct stats));
    stats_prefix_clear();
    STATS_UNLOCK();
    threadlocal_stats_reset();
    item_stats_reset();
}

static void settings_init(void) {
    settings.use_cas = true;
    settings.access = 0700;
    settings.port = 11211;
    settings.udpport = 0;
    ssl_init_settings();
    /* By default this string should be NULL for getaddrinfo() */
    settings.inter = NULL;
    settings.maxbytes = 64 * 1024 * 1024; /* default is 64MB */
    settings.maxconns = 1024;         /* to limit connections-related memory to about 5MB */
    settings.verbose = 0;
    settings.oldest_live = 0;
    settings.evict_to_free = 1;       /* push old items out of cache when memory runs out */
    settings.socketpath = NULL;       /* by default, not using a unix socket */
    settings.auth_file = NULL;        /* by default, not using ASCII authentication tokens */
    settings.factor = 1.25;
    settings.chunk_size = 48;         /* space for a modest key and value */
    settings.num_threads = 4;         /* N workers */
    settings.num_threads_per_udp = 0;
    settings.prefix_delimiter = ':';
    settings.detail_enabled = 0;
    settings.reqs_per_event = 20;
    settings.backlog = 1024;
    settings.binding_protocol = negotiating_prot;
    settings.item_size_max = 1024 * 1024; /* The famous 1MB upper limit. */
    settings.slab_page_size = 1024 * 1024; /* chunks are split from 1MB pages. */
    settings.slab_chunk_size_max = settings.slab_page_size / 2;
    settings.sasl = false;
    settings.maxconns_fast = true;
    settings.lru_crawler = false;
    settings.lru_crawler_sleep = 100;
    settings.lru_crawler_tocrawl = 0;
    settings.lru_maintainer_thread = false;
    settings.lru_segmented = true;
    settings.hot_lru_pct = 20;
    settings.warm_lru_pct = 40;
    settings.hot_max_factor = 0.2;
    settings.warm_max_factor = 2.0;
    settings.temp_lru = false;
    settings.temporary_ttl = 61;
    settings.idle_timeout = 0; /* disabled */
    settings.hashpower_init = 0;
    settings.slab_reassign = true;
    settings.slab_automove = 1;
    settings.slab_automove_ratio = 0.8;
    settings.slab_automove_window = 30;
    settings.shutdown_command = false;
    settings.tail_repair_time = TAIL_REPAIR_TIME_DEFAULT;
    settings.flush_enabled = true;
    settings.dump_enabled = true;
    settings.crawls_persleep = 1000;
    settings.logger_watcher_buf_size = LOGGER_WATCHER_BUF_SIZE;
    settings.logger_buf_size = LOGGER_BUF_SIZE;
    settings.drop_privileges = false;
    settings.watch_enabled = true;
    settings.read_buf_mem_limit = 0;
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
    settings.relaxed_privileges = false;
#endif
    settings.num_napi_ids = 0;
    settings.memory_file = NULL;
#ifdef SOCK_COOKIE_ID
    settings.sock_cookie_id = 0;
#endif
}

extern pthread_mutex_t conn_lock;

/* Connection timeout thread bits */
static pthread_t conn_timeout_tid;
static int do_run_conn_timeout_thread;
static pthread_cond_t conn_timeout_cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
static pthread_mutex_t conn_timeout_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

#define CONNS_PER_SLICE 100
static void *conn_timeout_thread(void *arg) {
    int i;
    conn *c;
    rel_time_t oldest_last_cmd;
    int sleep_time;
    int sleep_slice = max_fds / CONNS_PER_SLICE;
    if (sleep_slice == 0)
        sleep_slice = CONNS_PER_SLICE;

    useconds_t timeslice = 1000000 / sleep_slice;

    mutex_lock(&conn_timeout_lock);
    while(do_run_conn_timeout_thread) {
        if (settings.verbose > 2)
            fprintf(stderr, "idle timeout thread at top of connection list\n");

        oldest_last_cmd = current_time;

        for (i = 0; i < max_fds; i++) {
            if ((i % CONNS_PER_SLICE) == 0) {
                if (settings.verbose > 2)
                    fprintf(stderr, "idle timeout thread sleeping for %ulus\n",
                        (unsigned int)timeslice);
                usleep(timeslice);
            }

            if (!conns[i])
                continue;

            c = conns[i];

            if (!IS_TCP(c->transport))
                continue;

            if (c->state != conn_new_cmd && c->state != conn_read)
                continue;

            if ((current_time - c->last_cmd_time) > settings.idle_timeout) {
                timeout_conn(c);
            } else {
                if (c->last_cmd_time < oldest_last_cmd)
                    oldest_last_cmd = c->last_cmd_time;
            }
        }

        /* This is the soonest we could have another connection time out */
        sleep_time = settings.idle_timeout - (current_time - oldest_last_cmd) + 1;
        if (sleep_time <= 0)
            sleep_time = 1;

        if (settings.verbose > 2)
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "idle timeout thread finished pass, sleeping for %ds\n",
                    sleep_time);

        struct timeval now;
        struct timespec to_sleep;
        gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
        to_sleep.tv_sec = now.tv_sec + sleep_time;
        to_sleep.tv_nsec = 0;

        pthread_cond_timedwait(&conn_timeout_cond, &conn_timeout_lock, &to_sleep);
    }

    mutex_unlock(&conn_timeout_lock);
    return NULL;
}

static int start_conn_timeout_thread(void) {
    int ret;

    if (settings.idle_timeout == 0)
        return -1;

    do_run_conn_timeout_thread = 1;
    if ((ret = pthread_create(&conn_timeout_tid, NULL,
        conn_timeout_thread, NULL)) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Can't create idle connection timeout thread: %s\n",
            strerror(ret));
        return -1;
    }
    thread_setname(conn_timeout_tid, "mc-idletimeout");

    return 0;
}

int stop_conn_timeout_thread(void) {
    if (!do_run_conn_timeout_thread)
        return -1;
    mutex_lock(&conn_timeout_lock);
    do_run_conn_timeout_thread = 0;
    pthread_cond_signal(&conn_timeout_cond);
    mutex_unlock(&conn_timeout_lock);
    pthread_join(conn_timeout_tid, NULL);
    return 0;
}

/*
 * read buffer cache helper functions
 */
static void rbuf_release(conn *c) {
    if (c->rbuf != NULL && c->rbytes == 0 && !IS_UDP(c->transport)) {
        if (c->rbuf_malloced) {
            free(c->rbuf);
            c->rbuf_malloced = false;
        } else {
            do_cache_free(c->thread->rbuf_cache, c->rbuf);
        }
        c->rsize = 0;
        c->rbuf = NULL;
        c->rcurr = NULL;
    }
}

static bool rbuf_alloc(conn *c) {
    if (c->rbuf == NULL) {
        c->rbuf = do_cache_alloc(c->thread->rbuf_cache);
        if (!c->rbuf) {
            THR_STATS_LOCK(c->thread);
            c->thread->stats.read_buf_oom++;
            THR_STATS_UNLOCK(c->thread);
            return false;
        }
        c->rsize = READ_BUFFER_SIZE;
        c->rcurr = c->rbuf;
    }
    return true;
}

// Just for handling huge ASCII multigets.
// The previous system was essentially the same; realloc'ing until big enough,
// then realloc'ing back down after the request finished.
bool rbuf_switch_to_malloc(conn *c) {
    // Might as well start with x2 and work from there.
    size_t size = c->rsize * 2;
    char *tmp = malloc(size);
    if (!tmp)
        return false;

    memcpy(tmp, c->rcurr, c->rbytes);
    do_cache_free(c->thread->rbuf_cache, c->rbuf);

    c->rcurr = c->rbuf = tmp;
    c->rsize = size;
    c->rbuf_malloced = true;
    return true;
}

/*
 * Initializes the connections array. We don't actually allocate connection
 * structures until they're needed, so as to avoid wasting memory when the
 * maximum connection count is much higher than the actual number of
 * connections.
 *
 * This does end up wasting a few pointers' worth of memory for FDs that are
 * used for things other than connections, but that's worth it in exchange for
 * being able to directly index the conns array by FD.
 */
static void conn_init(void) {
    /* We're unlikely to see an FD much higher than maxconns. */
    int next_fd = dup(1);
    if (next_fd < 0) {
        perror("Failed to duplicate file descriptor\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    int headroom = 10;      /* account for extra unexpected open FDs */
    struct rlimit rl;

    max_fds = settings.maxconns + headroom + next_fd;

    /* But if possible, get the actual highest FD we can possibly ever see. */
    if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rl) == 0) {
        max_fds = rl.rlim_max;
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to query maximum file descriptor; "
                        "falling back to maxconns\n");
    }

    close(next_fd);

    if ((conns = calloc(max_fds, sizeof(conn *))) == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate connection structures\n");
        /* This is unrecoverable so bail out early. */
        exit(1);
    }
}

static const char *prot_text(enum protocol prot) {
    char *rv = "unknown";
    switch(prot) {
        case ascii_prot:
            rv = "ascii";
            break;
        case binary_prot:
            rv = "binary";
            break;
        case negotiating_prot:
            rv = "auto-negotiate";
            break;
#ifdef PROXY
        case proxy_prot:
            rv = "proxy";
            break;
#endif
    }
    return rv;
}

void conn_close_idle(conn *c) {
    if (settings.idle_timeout > 0 &&
        (current_time - c->last_cmd_time) > settings.idle_timeout) {
        if (c->state != conn_new_cmd && c->state != conn_read) {
            if (settings.verbose > 1)
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "fd %d wants to timeout, but isn't in read state", c->sfd);
            return;
        }

        if (settings.verbose > 1)
            fprintf(stderr, "Closing idle fd %d\n", c->sfd);

        pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
        c->thread->stats.idle_kicks++;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);

        c->close_reason = IDLE_TIMEOUT_CLOSE;

        conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
        drive_machine(c);
    }
}

static void _conn_event_readd(conn *c) {
    c->ev_flags = EV_READ | EV_PERSIST;
    event_set(&c->event, c->sfd, c->ev_flags, event_handler, (void *)c);
    event_base_set(c->thread->base, &c->event);

    // TODO: call conn_cleanup/fail/etc
    if (event_add(&c->event, 0) == -1) {
        perror("event_add");
    }
}

/* bring conn back from a sidethread. could have had its event base moved. */
void conn_worker_readd(conn *c) {
    if (c->io_queues_submitted) { // TODO: ensure this is safe?
        c->io_queues_submitted--;
        // If we're still waiting for other queues to return, don't re-add the
        // connection yet.
        if (c->io_queues_submitted != 0) {
            return;
        }
    }

    switch (c->state) {
        case conn_closing:
            // might be fixable: only need to do this because we can't do
            // event_del() without the event being armed.
            _conn_event_readd(c);
            drive_machine(c);
            break;
        case conn_io_pending:
            // The event listener was removed as more data showed up while
            // waiting for the async response.
            _conn_event_readd(c);
            // Explicit fall-through.
        case conn_io_queue:
            conn_set_state(c, conn_io_resume);
            // machine will know how to return based on secondary state.
            drive_machine(c);
            break;
        default:
            _conn_event_readd(c);
            conn_set_state(c, conn_new_cmd);
    }

}

void thread_io_queue_add(LIBEVENT_THREAD *t, int type, void *ctx, io_queue_stack_cb cb) {
    io_queue_cb_t *q = t->io_queues;
    while (q->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE) {
        q++;
    }
    q->type = type;
    q->ctx = ctx;
    q->submit_cb = cb;
    return;
}

void conn_io_queue_setup(conn *c) {
    io_queue_cb_t *qcb = c->thread->io_queues;
    io_queue_t *q = c->io_queues;
    while (qcb->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE) {
        q->type = qcb->type;
        q->ctx = qcb->ctx;
        q->stack_ctx = NULL;
        q->count = 0;
        qcb++;
        q++;
    }
}

// To be called from conn_release_items to ensure the stack ptrs are reset.
static void conn_io_queue_reset(conn *c) {
    for (io_queue_t *q = c->io_queues; q->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE; q++) {
        assert(q->count == 0);
        q->stack_ctx = NULL;
    }
}

io_queue_cb_t *thread_io_queue_get(LIBEVENT_THREAD *t, int type) {
    io_queue_cb_t *q = t->io_queues;
    while (q->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE) {
        if (q->type == type) {
            return q;
        }
        q++;
    }
    return NULL;
}

io_queue_t *conn_io_queue_get(conn *c, int type) {
    io_queue_t *q = c->io_queues;
    while (q->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE) {
        if (q->type == type) {
            return q;
        }
        q++;
    }
    return NULL;
}

// called to return a single IO object to the original worker thread.
void conn_io_queue_return(io_pending_t *io) {
    io->return_cb(io);
}

conn *conn_new(const int sfd, enum conn_states init_state,
                const int event_flags,
                const int read_buffer_size, enum network_transport transport,
                struct event_base *base, void *ssl, uint64_t conntag,
                enum protocol bproto) {
    conn *c;

    assert(sfd >= 0 && sfd < max_fds);
    c = conns[sfd];

    if (NULL == c) {
        if (!(c = (conn *)calloc(1, sizeof(conn)))) {
            STATS_LOCK();
            stats.malloc_fails++;
            STATS_UNLOCK();
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate connection object\n");
            return NULL;
        }
        MEMCACHED_CONN_CREATE(c);
        c->read = NULL;
        c->sendmsg = NULL;
        c->write = NULL;
        c->rbuf = NULL;

        c->rsize = read_buffer_size;

        // UDP connections use a persistent static buffer.
        if (c->rsize) {
            c->rbuf = (char *)malloc((size_t)c->rsize);
        }

        if (c->rsize && c->rbuf == NULL) {
            conn_free(c);
            STATS_LOCK();
            stats.malloc_fails++;
            STATS_UNLOCK();
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate buffers for connection\n");
            return NULL;
        }


        STATS_LOCK();
        stats_state.conn_structs++;
        STATS_UNLOCK();

        c->sfd = sfd;
        conns[sfd] = c;
    }

    c->transport = transport;
    c->protocol = bproto;
    c->tag = conntag;

    /* unix socket mode doesn't need this, so zeroed out.  but why
     * is this done for every command?  presumably for UDP
     * mode.  */
    if (!settings.socketpath) {
        c->request_addr_size = sizeof(c->request_addr);
    } else {
        c->request_addr_size = 0;
    }

    if (transport == tcp_transport && init_state == conn_new_cmd) {
        if (getpeername(sfd, (struct sockaddr *) &c->request_addr,
                        &c->request_addr_size)) {
            perror("getpeername");
            memset(&c->request_addr, 0, sizeof(c->request_addr));
        }
    }

    if (init_state == conn_new_cmd) {
        LOGGER_LOG(NULL, LOG_CONNEVENTS, LOGGER_CONNECTION_NEW, NULL,
                &c->request_addr, c->request_addr_size, c->transport, 0, sfd);
    }

    if (settings.verbose > 1) {
        if (init_state == conn_listening) {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d server listening (%s)\n", sfd,
                prot_text(c->protocol));
        } else if (IS_UDP(transport)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d server listening (udp)\n", sfd);
        } else if (c->protocol == negotiating_prot) {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d new auto-negotiating client connection\n",
                    sfd);
        } else if (c->protocol == ascii_prot) {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d new ascii client connection.\n", sfd);
        } else if (c->protocol == binary_prot) {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d new binary client connection.\n", sfd);
#ifdef PROXY
        } else if (c->protocol == proxy_prot) {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d new proxy client connection.\n", sfd);
#endif
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "<%d new unknown (%d) client connection\n",
                sfd, c->protocol);
            assert(false);
        }
    }

    c->state = init_state;
    c->rlbytes = 0;
    c->cmd = -1;
    c->rbytes = 0;
    c->rcurr = c->rbuf;
    c->ritem = 0;
    c->rbuf_malloced = false;
    c->item_malloced = false;
    c->sasl_started = false;
    c->set_stale = false;
    c->mset_res = false;
    c->close_after_write = false;
    c->last_cmd_time = current_time; /* initialize for idle kicker */
    // wipe all queues.
    memset(c->io_queues, 0, sizeof(c->io_queues));
    c->io_queues_submitted = 0;

    c->item = 0;
    c->ssl = NULL;
#ifdef TLS
    c->ssl_wbuf = NULL;
#endif

    c->noreply = false;

    if (ssl) {
        // musn't get here without ssl enabled.
        assert(settings.ssl_enabled);
        ssl_init_conn(c, ssl);
        c->ssl_enabled = true;
    } else {
        c->read = tcp_read;
        c->sendmsg = tcp_sendmsg;
        c->write = tcp_write;
        c->ssl_enabled = false;
    }

    if (IS_UDP(transport)) {
        c->try_read_command = try_read_command_udp;
    } else {
        switch (c->protocol) {
            case ascii_prot:
                if (settings.auth_file == NULL) {
                    c->authenticated = true;
                    c->try_read_command = try_read_command_ascii;
                } else {
                    c->authenticated = false;
                    c->try_read_command = try_read_command_asciiauth;
                }
                break;
            case binary_prot:
                // binprot handles its own authentication via SASL parsing.
                c->authenticated = false;
                c->try_read_command = try_read_command_binary;
                break;
            case negotiating_prot:
                c->try_read_command = try_read_command_negotiate;
                break;
#ifdef PROXY
            case proxy_prot:
                c->try_read_command = try_read_command_proxy;
                break;
#endif
        }
    }

    event_set(&c->event, sfd, event_flags, event_handler, (void *)c);
    event_base_set(base, &c->event);
    c->ev_flags = event_flags;

    if (event_add(&c->event, 0) == -1) {
        perror("event_add");
        return NULL;
    }

    STATS_LOCK();
    stats_state.curr_conns++;
    stats.total_conns++;
    STATS_UNLOCK();

    MEMCACHED_CONN_ALLOCATE(c->sfd);

    return c;
}

void conn_release_items(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);

    if (c->item) {
        if (c->item_malloced) {
            free(c->item);
            c->item_malloced = false;
        } else {
            item_remove(c->item);
        }
        c->item = 0;
    }

    // Cull any unsent responses.
    if (c->resp_head) {
        mc_resp *resp = c->resp_head;
        // r_f() handles the chain maintenance.
        while (resp) {
            // temporary by default. hide behind a debug flag in the future:
            // double free detection. Transmit loops can drop out early, but
            // here we could infinite loop.
            if (resp->free) {
                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: double free detected during conn_release_items(): [%d] [%s]\n",
                        c->sfd, c->protocol == binary_prot ? "binary" : "ascii");
                // Since this is a critical failure, just leak the memory.
                // If these errors are seen, an abort() can be used instead.
                c->resp_head = NULL;
                c->resp = NULL;
                break;
            }
            resp = resp_finish(c, resp);
        }
        conn_io_queue_reset(c);
    }
}

static void conn_cleanup(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);

    conn_release_items(c);
#ifdef PROXY
    if (c->proxy_rctx) {
        proxy_cleanup_conn(c);
    }
#endif
    if (c->sasl_conn) {
        assert(settings.sasl);
        sasl_dispose(&c->sasl_conn);
        c->sasl_conn = NULL;
    }

    if (IS_UDP(c->transport)) {
        conn_set_state(c, conn_read);
    }
}

/*
 * Frees a connection.
 */
void conn_free(conn *c) {
    if (c) {
        assert(c != NULL);
        assert(c->sfd >= 0 && c->sfd < max_fds);

        MEMCACHED_CONN_DESTROY(c);
        conns[c->sfd] = NULL;
        if (c->rbuf)
            free(c->rbuf);
#ifdef TLS
        if (c->ssl_wbuf)
            c->ssl_wbuf = NULL;
#endif

        free(c);
    }
}

static void conn_close(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);

    if (c->thread) {
        LOGGER_LOG(c->thread->l, LOG_CONNEVENTS, LOGGER_CONNECTION_CLOSE, NULL,
                &c->request_addr, c->request_addr_size, c->transport,
                c->close_reason, c->sfd);
    }

    /* delete the event, the socket and the conn */
    event_del(&c->event);

    if (settings.verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "<%d connection closed.\n", c->sfd);

    conn_cleanup(c);

    // force release of read buffer.
    if (c->thread) {
        c->rbytes = 0;
        rbuf_release(c);
    }

    MEMCACHED_CONN_RELEASE(c->sfd);
    conn_set_state(c, conn_closed);
    if (c->ssl_enabled) {
        ssl_conn_close(c->ssl);
    }
    close(c->sfd);
    c->close_reason = 0;
    pthread_mutex_lock(&conn_lock);
    allow_new_conns = true;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&conn_lock);

    STATS_LOCK();
    stats_state.curr_conns--;
    STATS_UNLOCK();

    return;
}

// Since some connections might be off on side threads and some are managed as
// listeners we need to walk through them all from a central point.
// Must be called with all worker threads hung or in the process of closing.
void conn_close_all(void) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < max_fds; i++) {
        if (conns[i] && conns[i]->state != conn_closed) {
            conn_close(conns[i]);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Convert a state name to a human readable form.
 */
static const char *state_text(enum conn_states state) {
    const char* const statenames[] = { "conn_listening",
                                       "conn_new_cmd",
                                       "conn_waiting",
                                       "conn_read",
                                       "conn_parse_cmd",
                                       "conn_write",
                                       "conn_nread",
                                       "conn_swallow",
                                       "conn_closing",
                                       "conn_mwrite",
                                       "conn_closed",
                                       "conn_watch",
                                       "conn_io_queue",
                                       "conn_io_resume",
                                       "conn_io_pending" };
    return statenames[state];
}

/*
 * Sets a connection's current state in the state machine. Any special
 * processing that needs to happen on certain state transitions can
 * happen here.
 */
void conn_set_state(conn *c, enum conn_states state) {
    assert(c != NULL);
    assert(state >= conn_listening && state < conn_max_state);

    if (state != c->state) {
        if (settings.verbose > 2) {
            fprintf(stderr, "%d: going from %s to %s\n",
                    c->sfd, state_text(c->state),
                    state_text(state));
        }

        if (state == conn_write || state == conn_mwrite) {
            MEMCACHED_PROCESS_COMMAND_END(c->sfd, c->resp->wbuf, c->resp->wbytes);
        }
        c->state = state;
    }
}

/*
 * response object helper functions
 */
void resp_reset(mc_resp *resp) {
    if (resp->item) {
        item_remove(resp->item);
        resp->item = NULL;
    }
    if (resp->write_and_free) {
#ifdef PROXY
        if (resp->proxy_res) {
            LIBEVENT_THREAD *t = resp->bundle->thread;
            pthread_mutex_lock(&t->proxy_limit_lock);
            t->proxy_buffer_memory_used -= resp->wbytes;
            pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->proxy_limit_lock);
        }
#endif
        free(resp->write_and_free);
        resp->write_and_free = NULL;
    }
    resp->wbytes = 0;
    resp->tosend = 0;
    resp->iovcnt = 0;
    resp->chunked_data_iov = 0;
    resp->chunked_total = 0;
    resp->skip = false;
}

void resp_add_iov(mc_resp *resp, const void *buf, int len) {
    assert(resp->iovcnt < MC_RESP_IOVCOUNT);
    int x = resp->iovcnt;
    resp->iov[x].iov_base = (void *)buf;
    resp->iov[x].iov_len = len;
    resp->iovcnt++;
    resp->tosend += len;
}

// Notes that an IOV should be handled as a chunked item header.
// TODO: I'm hoping this isn't a permanent abstraction while I learn what the
// API should be.
void resp_add_chunked_iov(mc_resp *resp, const void *buf, int len) {
    resp->chunked_data_iov = resp->iovcnt;
    resp->chunked_total = len;
    resp_add_iov(resp, buf, len);
}

// resp_allocate and resp_free are a wrapper around read buffers which makes
// read buffers the only network memory to track.
// Normally this would be too excessive. In this case it allows end users to
// track a single memory limit for ephemeral connection buffers.
// Fancy bit twiddling tricks are avoided to help keep this straightforward.
static mc_resp* resp_allocate(conn *c) {
    LIBEVENT_THREAD *th = c->thread;
    mc_resp *resp = NULL;
    mc_resp_bundle *b = th->open_bundle;

    if (b != NULL) {
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RESP_PER_BUNDLE; i++) {
            // loop around starting from the most likely to be free
            int x = (i + b->next_check) % MAX_RESP_PER_BUNDLE;
            if (b->r[x].free) {
                resp = &b->r[x];
                b->next_check = x+1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (resp != NULL) {
            b->refcount++;
            memset(resp, 0, sizeof(*resp));
            resp->free = false; // redundant, for clarity.
            resp->bundle = b;
            if (b->refcount == MAX_RESP_PER_BUNDLE) {
                assert(b->prev == NULL);
                // We only allocate off the head. Assign new head.
                th->open_bundle = b->next;
                // Remove ourselves from the list.
                if (b->next) {
                    b->next->prev = 0;
                    b->next = 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (resp == NULL) {
        assert(th->open_bundle == NULL);
        b = do_cache_alloc(th->rbuf_cache);
        if (b) {
            THR_STATS_LOCK(th);
            th->stats.response_obj_bytes += READ_BUFFER_SIZE;
            THR_STATS_UNLOCK(th);
            b->next_check = 1;
            b->refcount = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RESP_PER_BUNDLE; i++) {
                b->r[i].free = true;
            }
            b->next = 0;
            b->prev = 0;
            b->thread = th;
            th->open_bundle = b;
            resp = &b->r[0];
            memset(resp, 0, sizeof(*resp));
            resp->free = false; // redundant. for clarity.
            resp->bundle = b;
        } else {
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    return resp;
}

void resp_free(LIBEVENT_THREAD *th, mc_resp *resp) {
    mc_resp_bundle *b = resp->bundle;

    resp->free = true;
    b->refcount--;
    if (b->refcount == 0) {
        if (b == th->open_bundle && b->next == 0) {
            // This is the final bundle. Just hold and reuse to skip init loop
            assert(b->prev == 0);
            b->next_check = 0;
        } else {
            // Assert that we're either in the list or at the head.
            assert((b->next || b->prev) || b == th->open_bundle);

            // unlink from list.
            mc_resp_bundle **head = &th->open_bundle;
            if (*head == b) *head = b->next;
            // Not tracking the tail.
            assert(b->next != b && b->prev != b);

            if (b->next) b->next->prev = b->prev;
            if (b->prev) b->prev->next = b->next;

            // Now completely done with this buffer.
            do_cache_free(th->rbuf_cache, b);
            THR_STATS_LOCK(th);
            th->stats.response_obj_bytes -= READ_BUFFER_SIZE;
            THR_STATS_UNLOCK(th);
        }
    } else {
        mc_resp_bundle **head = &th->open_bundle;
        // NOTE: since we're not tracking tail, latest free ends up in head.
        if (b == th->open_bundle || (b->prev || b->next)) {
            // If we're already linked, leave it in place to save CPU.
        } else {
            // Non-zero refcount, need to link into the freelist.
            b->prev = 0;
            b->next = *head;
            if (b->next) b->next->prev = b;
            *head = b;
        }

    }
    THR_STATS_LOCK(th);
    th->stats.response_obj_count--;
    THR_STATS_UNLOCK(th);
}

bool resp_start(conn *c) {
    mc_resp *resp = resp_allocate(c);
    if (!resp) {
        THR_STATS_LOCK(c->thread);
        c->thread->stats.response_obj_oom++;
        THR_STATS_UNLOCK(c->thread);
        return false;
    }

    // handling the stats counters here to simplify testing
    THR_STATS_LOCK(c->thread);
    c->thread->stats.response_obj_count++;
    THR_STATS_UNLOCK(c->thread);

    if (!c->resp_head) {
        c->resp_head = resp;
    }
    if (!c->resp) {
        c->resp = resp;
    } else {
        c->resp->next = resp;
        c->resp = resp;
    }
    if (IS_UDP(c->transport)) {
        // need to hold on to some data for async responses.
        c->resp->request_id = c->request_id;
        c->resp->request_addr = c->request_addr;
        c->resp->request_addr_size = c->request_addr_size;
    }
    return true;
}

mc_resp *resp_start_unlinked(conn *c) {
    mc_resp *resp = resp_allocate(c);
    if (!resp) {
        THR_STATS_LOCK(c->thread);
        c->thread->stats.response_obj_oom++;
        THR_STATS_UNLOCK(c->thread);
        return false;
    }

    // handling the stats counters here to simplify testing
    THR_STATS_LOCK(c->thread);
    c->thread->stats.response_obj_count++;
    THR_STATS_UNLOCK(c->thread);

    if (IS_UDP(c->transport)) {
        // need to hold on to some data for async responses.
        c->resp->request_id = c->request_id;
        c->resp->request_addr = c->request_addr;
        c->resp->request_addr_size = c->request_addr_size;
    }

    return resp;
}

// returns next response in chain.
mc_resp* resp_finish(conn *c, mc_resp *resp) {
    mc_resp *next = resp->next;
    if (resp->item) {
        // TODO: cache hash value in resp obj?
        item_remove(resp->item);
        resp->item = NULL;
    }
    if (resp->write_and_free) {
#ifdef PROXY
        if (resp->proxy_res) {
            LIBEVENT_THREAD *t = resp->bundle->thread;
            pthread_mutex_lock(&t->proxy_limit_lock);
            t->proxy_buffer_memory_used -= resp->wbytes;
            pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->proxy_limit_lock);
        }
#endif
        free(resp->write_and_free);
    }
    if (resp->io_pending) {
        io_pending_t *io = resp->io_pending;
        // If we had a pending IO, tell it to internally clean up then return
        // the main object back to our thread cache.
        io->finalize_cb(io);
        do_cache_free(c->thread->io_cache, io);
        resp->io_pending = NULL;
    }
    if (c->resp_head == resp) {
        c->resp_head = next;
    }
    if (c->resp == resp) {
        c->resp = NULL;
    }
    resp_free(c->thread, resp);
    return next;
}

// tells if connection has a depth of response objects to process.
bool resp_has_stack(conn *c) {
    return c->resp_head->next != NULL ? true : false;
}

void out_string(conn *c, const char *str) {
    size_t len;
    assert(c != NULL);
    mc_resp *resp = c->resp;

    // if response was original filled with something, but we're now writing
    // out an error or similar, have to reset the object first.
    // TODO: since this is often redundant with allocation, how many callers
    // are actually requiring it be reset? Can we fast test by just looking at
    // tosend and reset if nonzero?
    resp_reset(resp);

    if (c->noreply) {
        // TODO: just invalidate the response since nothing's been attempted
        // to send yet?
        resp->skip = true;
        if (settings.verbose > 1)
            fprintf(stderr, ">%d NOREPLY %s\n", c->sfd, str);
        conn_set_state(c, conn_new_cmd);
        return;
    }

    if (settings.verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, ">%d %s\n", c->sfd, str);

    // Fill response object with static string.

    len = strlen(str);
    if ((len + 2) > WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE) {
        /* ought to be always enough. just fail for simplicity */
        str = "SERVER_ERROR output line too long";
        len = strlen(str);
    }

    memcpy(resp->wbuf, str, len);
    memcpy(resp->wbuf + len, "\r\n", 2);
    resp_add_iov(resp, resp->wbuf, len + 2);

    conn_set_state(c, conn_new_cmd);
    return;
}

// For metaget-style ASCII commands. Ignores noreply, ensuring clients see
// protocol level errors.
void out_errstring(conn *c, const char *str) {
    c->noreply = false;
    out_string(c, str);
}

/*
 * Outputs a protocol-specific "out of memory" error. For ASCII clients,
 * this is equivalent to out_string().
 */
void out_of_memory(conn *c, char *ascii_error) {
    const static char error_prefix[] = "SERVER_ERROR ";
    const static int error_prefix_len = sizeof(error_prefix) - 1;

    if (c->protocol == binary_prot) {
        /* Strip off the generic error prefix; it's irrelevant in binary */
        if (!strncmp(ascii_error, error_prefix, error_prefix_len)) {
            ascii_error += error_prefix_len;
        }
        write_bin_error(c, PROTOCOL_BINARY_RESPONSE_ENOMEM, ascii_error, 0);
    } else {
        out_string(c, ascii_error);
    }
}

static void append_bin_stats(const char *key, const uint16_t klen,
                             const char *val, const uint32_t vlen,
                             conn *c) {
    char *buf = c->stats.buffer + c->stats.offset;
    uint32_t bodylen = klen + vlen;
    protocol_binary_response_header header = {
        .response.magic = (uint8_t)PROTOCOL_BINARY_RES,
        .response.opcode = PROTOCOL_BINARY_CMD_STAT,
        .response.keylen = (uint16_t)htons(klen),
        .response.datatype = (uint8_t)PROTOCOL_BINARY_RAW_BYTES,
        .response.bodylen = htonl(bodylen),
        .response.opaque = c->opaque
    };

    memcpy(buf, header.bytes, sizeof(header.response));
    buf += sizeof(header.response);

    if (klen > 0) {
        memcpy(buf, key, klen);
        buf += klen;

        if (vlen > 0) {
            memcpy(buf, val, vlen);
        }
    }

    c->stats.offset += sizeof(header.response) + bodylen;
}

static void append_ascii_stats(const char *key, const uint16_t klen,
                               const char *val, const uint32_t vlen,
                               conn *c) {
    char *pos = c->stats.buffer + c->stats.offset;
    uint32_t nbytes = 0;
    int remaining = c->stats.size - c->stats.offset;
    int room = remaining - 1;

    if (klen == 0 && vlen == 0) {
        nbytes = snprintf(pos, room, "END\r\n");
    } else if (vlen == 0) {
        nbytes = snprintf(pos, room, "STAT %s\r\n", key);
    } else {
        nbytes = snprintf(pos, room, "STAT %s %s\r\n", key, val);
    }

    c->stats.offset += nbytes;
}

static bool grow_stats_buf(conn *c, size_t needed) {
    size_t nsize = c->stats.size;
    size_t available = nsize - c->stats.offset;
    bool rv = true;

    /* Special case: No buffer -- need to allocate fresh */
    if (c->stats.buffer == NULL) {
        nsize = 1024;
        available = c->stats.size = c->stats.offset = 0;
    }

    while (needed > available) {
        assert(nsize > 0);
        nsize = nsize << 1;
        available = nsize - c->stats.offset;
    }

    if (nsize != c->stats.size) {
        char *ptr = realloc(c->stats.buffer, nsize);
        if (ptr) {
            c->stats.buffer = ptr;
            c->stats.size = nsize;
        } else {
            STATS_LOCK();
            stats.malloc_fails++;
            STATS_UNLOCK();
            rv = false;
        }
    }

    return rv;
}

void append_stats(const char *key, const uint16_t klen,
                  const char *val, const uint32_t vlen,
                  const void *cookie)
{
    /* value without a key is invalid */
    if (klen == 0 && vlen > 0) {
        return;
    }

    conn *c = (conn*)cookie;

    if (c->protocol == binary_prot) {
        size_t needed = vlen + klen + sizeof(protocol_binary_response_header);
        if (!grow_stats_buf(c, needed)) {
            return;
        }
        append_bin_stats(key, klen, val, vlen, c);
    } else {
        size_t needed = vlen + klen + 10; // 10 == "STAT = \r\n"
        if (!grow_stats_buf(c, needed)) {
            return;
        }
        append_ascii_stats(key, klen, val, vlen, c);
    }

    assert(c->stats.offset <= c->stats.size);
}

static void reset_cmd_handler(conn *c) {
    c->cmd = -1;
    c->substate = bin_no_state;
    if (c->item != NULL) {
        // TODO: Any other way to get here?
        // SASL auth was mistakenly using it. Nothing else should?
        if (c->item_malloced) {
            free(c->item);
            c->item_malloced = false;
        } else {
            item_remove(c->item);
        }
        c->item = NULL;
    }
    if (c->rbytes > 0) {
        conn_set_state(c, conn_parse_cmd);
    } else if (c->resp_head) {
        conn_set_state(c, conn_mwrite);
    } else {
        conn_set_state(c, conn_waiting);
    }
}

static void complete_nread(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);
#ifdef PROXY
    assert(c->protocol == ascii_prot
           || c->protocol == binary_prot
           || c->protocol == proxy_prot);
#else
    assert(c->protocol == ascii_prot
           || c->protocol == binary_prot);
#endif
    if (c->protocol == ascii_prot) {
        complete_nread_ascii(c);
    } else if (c->protocol == binary_prot) {
        complete_nread_binary(c);
#ifdef PROXY
    } else if (c->protocol == proxy_prot) {
        complete_nread_proxy(c);
#endif
    }
}

/* Destination must always be chunked */
/* This should be part of item.c */
static int _store_item_copy_chunks(item *d_it, item *s_it, const int len) {
    item_chunk *dch = (item_chunk *) ITEM_schunk(d_it);
    /* Advance dch until we find free space */
    while (dch->size == dch->used) {
        if (dch->next) {
            dch = dch->next;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    if (s_it->it_flags & ITEM_CHUNKED) {
        int remain = len;
        item_chunk *sch = (item_chunk *) ITEM_schunk(s_it);
        int copied = 0;
        /* Fills dch's to capacity, not straight copy sch in case data is
         * being added or removed (ie append/prepend)
         */
        while (sch && dch && remain) {
            assert(dch->used <= dch->size);
            int todo = (dch->size - dch->used < sch->used - copied)
                ? dch->size - dch->used : sch->used - copied;
            if (remain < todo)
                todo = remain;
            memcpy(dch->data + dch->used, sch->data + copied, todo);
            dch->used += todo;
            copied += todo;
            remain -= todo;
            assert(dch->used <= dch->size);
            if (dch->size == dch->used) {
                item_chunk *tch = do_item_alloc_chunk(dch, remain);
                if (tch) {
                    dch = tch;
                } else {
                    return -1;
                }
            }
            assert(copied <= sch->used);
            if (copied == sch->used) {
                copied = 0;
                sch = sch->next;
            }
        }
        /* assert that the destination had enough space for the source */
        assert(remain == 0);
    } else {
        int done = 0;
        /* Fill dch's via a non-chunked item. */
        while (len > done && dch) {
            int todo = (dch->size - dch->used < len - done)
                ? dch->size - dch->used : len - done;
            //assert(dch->size - dch->used != 0);
            memcpy(dch->data + dch->used, ITEM_data(s_it) + done, todo);
            done += todo;
            dch->used += todo;
            assert(dch->used <= dch->size);
            if (dch->size == dch->used) {
                item_chunk *tch = do_item_alloc_chunk(dch, len - done);
                if (tch) {
                    dch = tch;
                } else {
                    return -1;
                }
            }
        }
        assert(len == done);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int _store_item_copy_data(int comm, item *old_it, item *new_it, item *add_it) {
    if (comm == NREAD_APPEND || comm == NREAD_APPENDVIV) {
        if (new_it->it_flags & ITEM_CHUNKED) {
            if (_store_item_copy_chunks(new_it, old_it, old_it->nbytes - 2) == -1 ||
                _store_item_copy_chunks(new_it, add_it, add_it->nbytes) == -1) {
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            memcpy(ITEM_data(new_it), ITEM_data(old_it), old_it->nbytes);
            memcpy(ITEM_data(new_it) + old_it->nbytes - 2 /* CRLF */, ITEM_data(add_it), add_it->nbytes);
        }
    } else {
        /* NREAD_PREPEND */
        if (new_it->it_flags & ITEM_CHUNKED) {
            if (_store_item_copy_chunks(new_it, add_it, add_it->nbytes - 2) == -1 ||
                _store_item_copy_chunks(new_it, old_it, old_it->nbytes) == -1) {
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            memcpy(ITEM_data(new_it), ITEM_data(add_it), add_it->nbytes);
            memcpy(ITEM_data(new_it) + add_it->nbytes - 2 /* CRLF */, ITEM_data(old_it), old_it->nbytes);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Stores an item in the cache according to the semantics of one of the set
 * commands. Protected by the item lock.
 *
 * Returns the state of storage.
 */
enum store_item_type do_store_item(item *it, int comm, LIBEVENT_THREAD *t, const uint32_t hv, int *nbytes, uint64_t *cas, uint64_t cas_in, bool cas_stale) {
    char *key = ITEM_key(it);

    item *old_it = do_item_get(key, it->nkey, hv, t, DONT_UPDATE);
    enum store_item_type stored = NOT_STORED;

    enum cas_result { CAS_NONE, CAS_MATCH, CAS_BADVAL, CAS_STALE, CAS_MISS };

    item *new_it = NULL;
    client_flags_t flags;

    /* Do the CAS test up front so we can apply to all store modes */
    enum cas_result cas_res = CAS_NONE;

    bool do_store = false;
    if (old_it != NULL) {
        // Most of the CAS work requires something to compare to.
        uint64_t it_cas = ITEM_get_cas(it);
        uint64_t old_cas = ITEM_get_cas(old_it);
        if (it_cas == 0) {
            cas_res = CAS_NONE;
        } else if (it_cas == old_cas) {
            cas_res = CAS_MATCH;
        } else if (cas_stale && it_cas < old_cas) {
            cas_res = CAS_STALE;
        } else {
            cas_res = CAS_BADVAL;
        }

        switch (comm) {
            case NREAD_ADD:
                /* add only adds a nonexistent item, but promote to head of LRU */
                do_item_update(old_it);
                break;
            case NREAD_CAS:
                if (cas_res == CAS_MATCH) {
                    // cas validates
                    // it and old_it may belong to different classes.
                    // I'm updating the stats for the one that's getting pushed out
                    pthread_mutex_lock(&t->stats.mutex);
                    t->stats.slab_stats[ITEM_clsid(old_it)].cas_hits++;
                    pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->stats.mutex);
                    do_store = true;
                } else if (cas_res == CAS_STALE) {
                    // if we're allowed to set a stale value, CAS must be lower than
                    // the current item's CAS.
                    // This replaces the value, but should preserve TTL, and stale
                    // item marker bit + token sent if exists.
                    it->exptime = old_it->exptime;
                    it->it_flags |= ITEM_STALE;
                    if (old_it->it_flags & ITEM_TOKEN_SENT) {
                        it->it_flags |= ITEM_TOKEN_SENT;
                    }

                    pthread_mutex_lock(&t->stats.mutex);
                    t->stats.slab_stats[ITEM_clsid(old_it)].cas_hits++;
                    pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->stats.mutex);
                    do_store = true;
                } else {
                    // NONE or BADVAL are the same for CAS cmd
                    pthread_mutex_lock(&t->stats.mutex);
                    t->stats.slab_stats[ITEM_clsid(old_it)].cas_badval++;
                    pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->stats.mutex);

                    if (settings.verbose > 1) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "CAS:  failure: expected %llu, got %llu\n",
                                (unsigned long long)ITEM_get_cas(old_it),
                                (unsigned long long)ITEM_get_cas(it));
                    }
                    stored = EXISTS;
                }
                break;
            case NREAD_APPEND:
            case NREAD_PREPEND:
            case NREAD_APPENDVIV:
            case NREAD_PREPENDVIV:
                if (cas_res != CAS_NONE && cas_res != CAS_MATCH) {
                    stored = EXISTS;
                    break;
                }
#ifdef EXTSTORE
                if ((old_it->it_flags & ITEM_HDR) != 0) {
                    /* block append/prepend from working with extstore-d items.
                     * leave response code to NOT_STORED default */
                    break;
                }
#endif
                /* we have it and old_it here - alloc memory to hold both */
                FLAGS_CONV(old_it, flags);
                new_it = do_item_alloc(key, it->nkey, flags, old_it->exptime, it->nbytes + old_it->nbytes - 2 /* CRLF */);

                // OOM trying to copy.
                if (new_it == NULL)
                    break;
                /* copy data from it and old_it to new_it */
                if (_store_item_copy_data(comm, old_it, new_it, it) == -1) {
                    // failed data copy
                    break;
                } else {
                    // refcount of new_it is 1 here. will end up 2 after link.
                    // it's original ref is managed outside of this function
                    it = new_it;
                    do_store = true;
                    // Upstream final object size for meta
                    if (nbytes != NULL) {
                        *nbytes = it->nbytes;
                    }
                }
                break;
            case NREAD_REPLACE:
            case NREAD_SET:
                do_store = true;
                break;
        }

        if (do_store) {
            STORAGE_delete(t->storage, old_it);
            item_replace(old_it, it, hv, cas_in);
            stored = STORED;
        }

        do_item_remove(old_it);         /* release our reference */
        if (new_it != NULL) {
            // append/prepend end up with an extra reference for new_it.
            do_item_remove(new_it);
        }
    } else {
        /* No pre-existing item to replace or compare to. */
        if (ITEM_get_cas(it) != 0) {
            /* Asked for a CAS match but nothing to compare it to. */
            cas_res = CAS_MISS;
        }

        switch (comm) {
            case NREAD_ADD:
            case NREAD_SET:
            case NREAD_APPENDVIV:
            case NREAD_PREPENDVIV:
                do_store = true;
                break;
            case NREAD_CAS:
                // LRU expired
                stored = NOT_FOUND;
                pthread_mutex_lock(&t->stats.mutex);
                t->stats.cas_misses++;
                pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->stats.mutex);
                break;
            case NREAD_REPLACE:
            case NREAD_APPEND:
            case NREAD_PREPEND:
                /* Requires an existing item. */
                break;
        }

        if (do_store) {
            do_item_link(it, hv, cas_in);
            stored = STORED;
        }
    }

    if (stored == STORED && cas != NULL) {
        *cas = ITEM_get_cas(it);
    }
    LOGGER_LOG(t->l, LOG_MUTATIONS, LOGGER_ITEM_STORE, NULL,
            stored, comm, ITEM_key(it), it->nkey, it->nbytes, it->exptime,
            ITEM_clsid(it), t->cur_sfd);

    return stored;
}

/* set up a connection to write a buffer then free it, used for stats */
void write_and_free(conn *c, char *buf, int bytes) {
    if (buf) {
        mc_resp *resp = c->resp;
        resp->write_and_free = buf;
        resp_add_iov(resp, buf, bytes);
        conn_set_state(c, conn_new_cmd);
    } else {
        out_of_memory(c, "SERVER_ERROR out of memory writing stats");
    }
}

void append_stat(const char *name, ADD_STAT add_stats, conn *c,
                 const char *fmt, ...) {
    char val_str[STAT_VAL_LEN];
    int vlen;
    va_list ap;

    assert(name);
    assert(add_stats);
    assert(c);
    assert(fmt);

    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vlen = vsnprintf(val_str, sizeof(val_str) - 1, fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);

    add_stats(name, strlen(name), val_str, vlen, c);
}

/* return server specific stats only */
void server_stats(ADD_STAT add_stats, void *c) {
    pid_t pid = getpid();
    rel_time_t now = current_time;

    struct thread_stats thread_stats;
    threadlocal_stats_aggregate(&thread_stats);
    struct slab_stats slab_stats;
    slab_stats_aggregate(&thread_stats, &slab_stats);
#ifndef WIN32
    struct rusage usage;
    getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage);
#endif /* !WIN32 */

    STATS_LOCK();

    APPEND_STAT("pid", "%lu", (long)pid);
    APPEND_STAT("uptime", "%u", now - ITEM_UPDATE_INTERVAL);
    APPEND_STAT("time", "%ld", now + (long)process_started);
    APPEND_STAT("version", "%s", VERSION);
    APPEND_STAT("libevent", "%s", event_get_version());
    APPEND_STAT("pointer_size", "%d", (int)(8 * sizeof(void *)));

#ifndef WIN32
    append_stat("rusage_user", add_stats, c, "%ld.%06ld",
                (long)usage.ru_utime.tv_sec,
                (long)usage.ru_utime.tv_usec);
    append_stat("rusage_system", add_stats, c, "%ld.%06ld",
                (long)usage.ru_stime.tv_sec,
                (long)usage.ru_stime.tv_usec);
#endif /* !WIN32 */

    APPEND_STAT("max_connections", "%d", settings.maxconns);
    APPEND_STAT("curr_connections", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats_state.curr_conns - 1);
    APPEND_STAT("total_connections", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.total_conns);
    if (settings.maxconns_fast) {
        APPEND_STAT("rejected_connections", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.rejected_conns);
    }
    APPEND_STAT("connection_structures", "%u", stats_state.conn_structs);
    APPEND_STAT("response_obj_oom", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.response_obj_oom);
    APPEND_STAT("response_obj_count", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.response_obj_count);
    APPEND_STAT("response_obj_bytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.response_obj_bytes);
    APPEND_STAT("read_buf_count", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.read_buf_count);
    APPEND_STAT("read_buf_bytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.read_buf_bytes);
    APPEND_STAT("read_buf_bytes_free", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.read_buf_bytes_free);
    APPEND_STAT("read_buf_oom", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.read_buf_oom);
    APPEND_STAT("reserved_fds", "%u", stats_state.reserved_fds);
#ifdef PROXY
    if (settings.proxy_enabled) {
        APPEND_STAT("proxy_conn_requests", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.proxy_conn_requests);
        APPEND_STAT("proxy_conn_errors", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.proxy_conn_errors);
        APPEND_STAT("proxy_conn_oom", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.proxy_conn_oom);
        APPEND_STAT("proxy_req_active", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.proxy_req_active);
    }
#endif
    APPEND_STAT("cmd_get", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_cmds);
    APPEND_STAT("cmd_set", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.set_cmds);
    APPEND_STAT("cmd_flush", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.flush_cmds);
    APPEND_STAT("cmd_touch", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.touch_cmds);
    APPEND_STAT("cmd_meta", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.meta_cmds);
    APPEND_STAT("get_hits", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.get_hits);
    APPEND_STAT("get_misses", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_misses);
    APPEND_STAT("get_expired", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_expired);
    APPEND_STAT("get_flushed", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_flushed);
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    if (ext_storage) {
        APPEND_STAT("get_extstore", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_extstore);
        APPEND_STAT("get_aborted_extstore", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_aborted_extstore);
        APPEND_STAT("get_oom_extstore", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.get_oom_extstore);
        APPEND_STAT("recache_from_extstore", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.recache_from_extstore);
        APPEND_STAT("miss_from_extstore", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.miss_from_extstore);
        APPEND_STAT("badcrc_from_extstore", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.badcrc_from_extstore);
    }
#endif
    APPEND_STAT("delete_misses", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.delete_misses);
    APPEND_STAT("delete_hits", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.delete_hits);
    APPEND_STAT("incr_misses", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.incr_misses);
    APPEND_STAT("incr_hits", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.incr_hits);
    APPEND_STAT("decr_misses", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.decr_misses);
    APPEND_STAT("decr_hits", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.decr_hits);
    APPEND_STAT("cas_misses", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.cas_misses);
    APPEND_STAT("cas_hits", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.cas_hits);
    APPEND_STAT("cas_badval", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.cas_badval);
    APPEND_STAT("touch_hits", "%llu", (unsigned long long)slab_stats.touch_hits);
    APPEND_STAT("touch_misses", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.touch_misses);
    APPEND_STAT("store_too_large", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.store_too_large);
    APPEND_STAT("store_no_memory", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.store_no_memory);
    APPEND_STAT("auth_cmds", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.auth_cmds);
    APPEND_STAT("auth_errors", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.auth_errors);
    if (settings.idle_timeout) {
        APPEND_STAT("idle_kicks", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.idle_kicks);
    }
    APPEND_STAT("bytes_read", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.bytes_read);
    APPEND_STAT("bytes_written", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.bytes_written);
    APPEND_STAT("limit_maxbytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long)settings.maxbytes);
    APPEND_STAT("accepting_conns", "%u", stats_state.accepting_conns);
    APPEND_STAT("listen_disabled_num", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.listen_disabled_num);
    APPEND_STAT("time_in_listen_disabled_us", "%llu", stats.time_in_listen_disabled_us);
    APPEND_STAT("threads", "%d", settings.num_threads);
    APPEND_STAT("conn_yields", "%llu", (unsigned long long)thread_stats.conn_yields);
    APPEND_STAT("hash_power_level", "%u", stats_state.hash_power_level);
    APPEND_STAT("hash_bytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats_state.hash_bytes);
    APPEND_STAT("hash_is_expanding", "%u", stats_state.hash_is_expanding);
    if (settings.slab_reassign) {
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_rescues", "%llu", stats.slab_reassign_rescues);
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_chunk_rescues", "%llu", stats.slab_reassign_chunk_rescues);
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_evictions_nomem", "%llu", stats.slab_reassign_evictions_nomem);
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_inline_reclaim", "%llu", stats.slab_reassign_inline_reclaim);
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_busy_items", "%llu", stats.slab_reassign_busy_items);
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_busy_deletes", "%llu", stats.slab_reassign_busy_deletes);
        APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign_running", "%u", stats_state.slab_reassign_running);
        APPEND_STAT("slabs_moved", "%llu", stats.slabs_moved);
    }
    if (settings.lru_crawler) {
        APPEND_STAT("lru_crawler_running", "%u", stats_state.lru_crawler_running);
        APPEND_STAT("lru_crawler_starts", "%u", stats.lru_crawler_starts);
    }
    if (settings.lru_maintainer_thread) {
        APPEND_STAT("lru_maintainer_juggles", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.lru_maintainer_juggles);
    }
    APPEND_STAT("malloc_fails", "%llu",
                (unsigned long long)stats.malloc_fails);
    APPEND_STAT("log_worker_dropped", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.log_worker_dropped);
    APPEND_STAT("log_worker_written", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.log_worker_written);
    APPEND_STAT("log_watcher_skipped", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.log_watcher_skipped);
    APPEND_STAT("log_watcher_sent", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.log_watcher_sent);
    APPEND_STAT("log_watchers", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats_state.log_watchers);
    STATS_UNLOCK();
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    storage_stats(add_stats, c);
#endif
#ifdef PROXY
    proxy_stats(settings.proxy_ctx, add_stats, c);
#endif
#ifdef TLS
    if (settings.ssl_enabled) {
        if (settings.ssl_session_cache) {
            APPEND_STAT("ssl_new_sessions", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.ssl_new_sessions);
        }
        APPEND_STAT("ssl_handshake_errors", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.ssl_handshake_errors);
        APPEND_STAT("ssl_proto_errors", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.ssl_proto_errors);
        APPEND_STAT("time_since_server_cert_refresh", "%u", now - settings.ssl_last_cert_refresh_time);
    }
#endif
    APPEND_STAT("unexpected_napi_ids", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.unexpected_napi_ids);
    APPEND_STAT("round_robin_fallback", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.round_robin_fallback);
}

void process_stat_settings(ADD_STAT add_stats, void *c) {
    assert(add_stats);
    APPEND_STAT("maxbytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long)settings.maxbytes);
    APPEND_STAT("maxconns", "%d", settings.maxconns);
    APPEND_STAT("tcpport", "%d", settings.port);
    APPEND_STAT("udpport", "%d", settings.udpport);
    APPEND_STAT("inter", "%s", settings.inter ? settings.inter : "NULL");
    APPEND_STAT("verbosity", "%d", settings.verbose);
    APPEND_STAT("oldest", "%lu", (unsigned long)settings.oldest_live);
    APPEND_STAT("evictions", "%s", settings.evict_to_free ? "on" : "off");
    APPEND_STAT("domain_socket", "%s",
                settings.socketpath ? settings.socketpath : "NULL");
    APPEND_STAT("umask", "%o", settings.access);
    APPEND_STAT("shutdown_command", "%s",
                settings.shutdown_command ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("growth_factor", "%.2f", settings.factor);
    APPEND_STAT("chunk_size", "%d", settings.chunk_size);
    APPEND_STAT("num_threads", "%d", settings.num_threads);
    APPEND_STAT("num_threads_per_udp", "%d", settings.num_threads_per_udp);
    APPEND_STAT("stat_key_prefix", "%c", settings.prefix_delimiter);
    APPEND_STAT("detail_enabled", "%s",
                settings.detail_enabled ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("reqs_per_event", "%d", settings.reqs_per_event);
    APPEND_STAT("cas_enabled", "%s", settings.use_cas ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("tcp_backlog", "%d", settings.backlog);
    APPEND_STAT("binding_protocol", "%s",
                prot_text(settings.binding_protocol));
    APPEND_STAT("auth_enabled_sasl", "%s", settings.sasl ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("auth_enabled_ascii", "%s", settings.auth_file ? settings.auth_file : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("item_size_max", "%d", settings.item_size_max);
    APPEND_STAT("maxconns_fast", "%s", settings.maxconns_fast ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("hashpower_init", "%d", settings.hashpower_init);
    APPEND_STAT("slab_reassign", "%s", settings.slab_reassign ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("slab_automove", "%d", settings.slab_automove);
    APPEND_STAT("slab_automove_ratio", "%.2f", settings.slab_automove_ratio);
    APPEND_STAT("slab_automove_window", "%u", settings.slab_automove_window);
    APPEND_STAT("slab_chunk_max", "%d", settings.slab_chunk_size_max);
    APPEND_STAT("lru_crawler", "%s", settings.lru_crawler ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("lru_crawler_sleep", "%d", settings.lru_crawler_sleep);
    APPEND_STAT("lru_crawler_tocrawl", "%lu", (unsigned long)settings.lru_crawler_tocrawl);
    APPEND_STAT("tail_repair_time", "%d", settings.tail_repair_time);
    APPEND_STAT("flush_enabled", "%s", settings.flush_enabled ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("dump_enabled", "%s", settings.dump_enabled ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("hash_algorithm", "%s", settings.hash_algorithm);
    APPEND_STAT("lru_maintainer_thread", "%s", settings.lru_maintainer_thread ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("lru_segmented", "%s", settings.lru_segmented ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("hot_lru_pct", "%d", settings.hot_lru_pct);
    APPEND_STAT("warm_lru_pct", "%d", settings.warm_lru_pct);
    APPEND_STAT("hot_max_factor", "%.2f", settings.hot_max_factor);
    APPEND_STAT("warm_max_factor", "%.2f", settings.warm_max_factor);
    APPEND_STAT("temp_lru", "%s", settings.temp_lru ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("temporary_ttl", "%u", settings.temporary_ttl);
    APPEND_STAT("idle_timeout", "%d", settings.idle_timeout);
    APPEND_STAT("watcher_logbuf_size", "%u", settings.logger_watcher_buf_size);
    APPEND_STAT("worker_logbuf_size", "%u", settings.logger_buf_size);
    APPEND_STAT("read_buf_mem_limit", "%u", settings.read_buf_mem_limit);
    APPEND_STAT("track_sizes", "%s", item_stats_sizes_status() ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("inline_ascii_response", "%s", "no"); // setting is dead, cannot be yes.
#ifdef HAVE_DROP_PRIVILEGES
    APPEND_STAT("drop_privileges", "%s", settings.drop_privileges ? "yes" : "no");
#endif
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    APPEND_STAT("ext_item_size", "%u", settings.ext_item_size);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_item_age", "%u", settings.ext_item_age);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_low_ttl", "%u", settings.ext_low_ttl);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_recache_rate", "%u", settings.ext_recache_rate);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_wbuf_size", "%u", settings.ext_wbuf_size);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_compact_under", "%u", settings.ext_compact_under);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_drop_under", "%u", settings.ext_drop_under);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_max_sleep", "%u", settings.ext_max_sleep);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_max_frag", "%.2f", settings.ext_max_frag);
    APPEND_STAT("slab_automove_freeratio", "%.3f", settings.slab_automove_freeratio);
    APPEND_STAT("ext_drop_unread", "%s", settings.ext_drop_unread ? "yes" : "no");
#endif
#ifdef TLS
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_enabled", "%s", settings.ssl_enabled ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_chain_cert", "%s", settings.ssl_chain_cert);
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_key", "%s", settings.ssl_key);
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_verify_mode", "%d", settings.ssl_verify_mode);
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_keyformat", "%d", settings.ssl_keyformat);
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_ciphers", "%s", settings.ssl_ciphers ? settings.ssl_ciphers : "NULL");
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_ca_cert", "%s", settings.ssl_ca_cert ? settings.ssl_ca_cert : "NULL");
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_wbuf_size", "%u", settings.ssl_wbuf_size);
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_session_cache", "%s", settings.ssl_session_cache ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_kernel_tls", "%s", settings.ssl_kernel_tls ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("ssl_min_version", "%s", ssl_proto_text(settings.ssl_min_version));
#endif
#ifdef PROXY
    APPEND_STAT("proxy_enabled", "%s", settings.proxy_enabled ? "yes" : "no");
    APPEND_STAT("proxy_uring_enabled", "%s", settings.proxy_uring ? "yes" : "no");
#endif
    APPEND_STAT("num_napi_ids", "%s", settings.num_napi_ids);
    APPEND_STAT("memory_file", "%s", settings.memory_file);
    APPEND_STAT("client_flags_size", "%d", sizeof(client_flags_t));
}

static int nz_strcmp(int nzlength, const char *nz, const char *z) {
    int zlength=strlen(z);
    return (zlength == nzlength) && (strncmp(nz, z, zlength) == 0) ? 0 : -1;
}

bool get_stats(const char *stat_type, int nkey, ADD_STAT add_stats, void *c) {
    bool ret = true;

    if (add_stats != NULL) {
        if (!stat_type) {
            /* prepare general statistics for the engine */
            STATS_LOCK();
            APPEND_STAT("bytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats_state.curr_bytes);
            APPEND_STAT("curr_items", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats_state.curr_items);
            APPEND_STAT("total_items", "%llu", (unsigned long long)stats.total_items);
            STATS_UNLOCK();
            APPEND_STAT("slab_global_page_pool", "%u", global_page_pool_size(NULL));
            item_stats_totals(add_stats, c);
        } else if (nz_strcmp(nkey, stat_type, "items") == 0) {
            item_stats(add_stats, c);
        } else if (nz_strcmp(nkey, stat_type, "slabs") == 0) {
            slabs_stats(add_stats, c);
        } else if (nz_strcmp(nkey, stat_type, "sizes") == 0) {
            item_stats_sizes(add_stats, c);
        } else {
            ret = false;
        }
    } else {
        ret = false;
    }

    return ret;
}

static inline void get_conn_text(const conn *c, const int af,
                char* addr, struct sockaddr *sock_addr) {
    char addr_text[MAXPATHLEN];
    addr_text[0] = '\0';
    const char *protoname = "?";
    unsigned short port = 0;

    switch (af) {
        case AF_INET:
            (void) inet_ntop(af,
                    &((struct sockaddr_in *)sock_addr)->sin_addr,
                    addr_text,
                    sizeof(addr_text) - 1);
            port = ntohs(((struct sockaddr_in *)sock_addr)->sin_port);
            protoname = IS_UDP(c->transport) ? "udp" : "tcp";
            break;

        case AF_INET6:
            addr_text[0] = '[';
            addr_text[1] = '\0';
            if (inet_ntop(af,
                    &((struct sockaddr_in6 *)sock_addr)->sin6_addr,
                    addr_text + 1,
                    sizeof(addr_text) - 2)) {
                strncat(addr_text, "]", 2);
            }
            port = ntohs(((struct sockaddr_in6 *)sock_addr)->sin6_port);
            protoname = IS_UDP(c->transport) ? "udp6" : "tcp6";
            break;

#ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET
        case AF_UNIX:
        {
            size_t pathlen = 0;
            // this strncpy call originally could piss off an address
            // sanitizer; we supplied the size of the dest buf as a limiter,
            // but optimized versions of strncpy could read past the end of
            // *src while looking for a null terminator. Since buf and
            // sun_path here are both on the stack they could even overlap,
            // which is "undefined". In all OSS versions of strncpy I could
            // find this has no effect; it'll still only copy until the first null
            // terminator is found. Thus it's possible to get the OS to
            // examine past the end of sun_path but it's unclear to me if this
            // can cause any actual problem.
            //
            // We need a safe_strncpy util function but I'll punt on figuring
            // that out for now.
            pathlen = sizeof(((struct sockaddr_un *)sock_addr)->sun_path);
            if (MAXPATHLEN <= pathlen) {
                pathlen = MAXPATHLEN - 1;
            }
            strncpy(addr_text,
                    ((struct sockaddr_un *)sock_addr)->sun_path,
                    pathlen);
            addr_text[pathlen] = '\0';
            protoname = "unix";
        }
            break;
#endif /* #ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET */
    }

    if (strlen(addr_text) < 2) {
        /* Most likely this is a connected UNIX-domain client which
         * has no peer socket address, but there's no portable way
         * to tell for sure.
         */
        snprintf(addr_text, MAXPATHLEN, "<AF %d>", af);
    }

    if (port) {
        snprintf(addr, MAXPATHLEN + 11, "%s:%s:%u", protoname, addr_text, port);
    } else {
        snprintf(addr, MAXPATHLEN + 11, "%s:%s", protoname, addr_text);
    }
}

static void conn_to_str(const conn *c, char *addr, char *svr_addr) {
    if (!c) {
        memcpy(addr, "<null>", 6);
    } else if (c->state == conn_closed) {
        memcpy(addr, "<closed>", 8);
    } else {
        struct sockaddr_in6 local_addr;
        struct sockaddr *sock_addr = (void *)&c->request_addr;

        /* For listen ports and idle UDP ports, show listen address */
        if (c->state == conn_listening ||
                (IS_UDP(c->transport) &&
                 c->state == conn_read)) {
            memset(&local_addr, 0, sizeof(local_addr));
            socklen_t local_addr_len = sizeof(local_addr);

            if (getsockname(c->sfd,
                        (struct sockaddr *)&local_addr,
                        &local_addr_len) == 0) {
                sock_addr = (struct sockaddr *)&local_addr;
            }
        }
        get_conn_text(c, sock_addr->sa_family, addr, sock_addr);

        if (c->state != conn_listening && !(IS_UDP(c->transport) &&
                 c->state == conn_read)) {
            struct sockaddr_storage svr_sock_addr;
            memset(&svr_sock_addr, 0, sizeof(svr_sock_addr));
            socklen_t svr_addr_len = sizeof(svr_sock_addr);
            getsockname(c->sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&svr_sock_addr, &svr_addr_len);
            get_conn_text(c, svr_sock_addr.ss_family, svr_addr, (struct sockaddr *)&svr_sock_addr);
        }
    }
}

static char *conn_queue_to_str(const conn *c, io_queue_t *q) {
    if (q->type == IO_QUEUE_EXTSTORE) {
        return "queue_extstore";
    } else if (q->type == IO_QUEUE_PROXY) {
        return "queue_proxy";
    } else {
        return "queue_unknown";
    }
}

void process_stats_conns(ADD_STAT add_stats, void *c) {
    int i;
    char key_str[STAT_KEY_LEN];
    char val_str[STAT_VAL_LEN];
    size_t extras_len = sizeof(":unix:") + sizeof("65535");
    char addr[MAXPATHLEN + extras_len];
    char svr_addr[MAXPATHLEN + extras_len];
    memset(addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
    memset(svr_addr, 0, sizeof(svr_addr));
    int klen = 0, vlen = 0;

    assert(add_stats);

    for (i = 0; i < max_fds; i++) {
        if (conns[i]) {
            /* This is safe to do unlocked because conns are never freed; the
             * worst that'll happen will be a minor inconsistency in the
             * output -- not worth the complexity of the locking that'd be
             * required to prevent it.
             */
            if (IS_UDP(conns[i]->transport)) {
                APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, "UDP", "%s", "UDP");
            }
            if (conns[i]->state != conn_closed) {
                conn *sc = conns[i];
                conn_to_str(sc, addr, svr_addr);

                APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, "addr", "%s", addr);
                if (sc->state != conn_listening &&
                    !(IS_UDP(sc->transport) && sc->state == conn_read)) {
                    APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, "listen_addr", "%s", svr_addr);
                }
                APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, "state", "%s",
                        state_text(sc->state));
                if (sc->io_queues_submitted) {
                    APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, "queues_waiting", "%d", sc->io_queues_submitted);
                    for (io_queue_t *q = sc->io_queues; q->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE; q++) {
                        if (q->count) {
                            const char *qname = conn_queue_to_str(sc, q);
                            APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, qname, "%d", q->count);
                        }
                    }
                }
                APPEND_NUM_STAT(i, "secs_since_last_cmd", "%d",
                        current_time - sc->last_cmd_time);
            }
        }
    }
}

#define IT_REFCOUNT_LIMIT 60000
item* limited_get(const char *key, size_t nkey, LIBEVENT_THREAD *t, uint32_t exptime, bool should_touch, bool do_update, bool *overflow) {
    item *it;
    if (should_touch) {
        it = item_touch(key, nkey, exptime, t);
    } else {
        it = item_get(key, nkey, t, do_update);
    }
    if (it && it->refcount > IT_REFCOUNT_LIMIT) {
        item_remove(it);
        it = NULL;
        *overflow = true;
    } else {
        *overflow = false;
    }
    return it;
}

// Semantics are different than limited_get; since the item is returned
// locked, caller can directly change what it needs.
// though it might eventually be a better interface to sink it all into
// items.c.
item* limited_get_locked(const char *key, size_t nkey, LIBEVENT_THREAD *t, bool do_update, uint32_t *hv, bool *overflow) {
    item *it;
    it = item_get_locked(key, nkey, t, do_update, hv);
    if (it && it->refcount > IT_REFCOUNT_LIMIT) {
        do_item_remove(it);
        it = NULL;
        item_unlock(*hv);
        *overflow = true;
    } else {
        *overflow = false;
    }
    return it;
}

/*
 * adds a delta value to a numeric item.
 *
 * c     connection requesting the operation
 * it    item to adjust
 * incr  true to increment value, false to decrement
 * delta amount to adjust value by
 * buf   buffer for response string
 *
 * returns a response string to send back to the client.
 */
enum delta_result_type do_add_delta(LIBEVENT_THREAD *t, const char *key, const size_t nkey,
                                    const bool incr, const int64_t delta,
                                    char *buf, uint64_t *cas,
                                    const uint32_t hv,
                                    item **it_ret) {
    char *ptr;
    uint64_t value;
    int res;
    item *it;

    it = do_item_get(key, nkey, hv, t, DONT_UPDATE);
    if (!it) {
        return DELTA_ITEM_NOT_FOUND;
    }

    /* Can't delta zero byte values. 2-byte are the "\r\n" */
    /* Also can't delta for chunked items. Too large to be a number */
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    if (it->nbytes <= 2 || (it->it_flags & (ITEM_CHUNKED|ITEM_HDR)) != 0) {
#else
    if (it->nbytes <= 2 || (it->it_flags & (ITEM_CHUNKED)) != 0) {
#endif
        do_item_remove(it);
        return NON_NUMERIC;
    }

    if (cas != NULL && *cas != 0 && ITEM_get_cas(it) != *cas) {
        do_item_remove(it);
        return DELTA_ITEM_CAS_MISMATCH;
    }

    ptr = ITEM_data(it);

    if (!safe_strtoull(ptr, &value)) {
        do_item_remove(it);
        return NON_NUMERIC;
    }

    if (incr) {
        value += delta;
        //MEMCACHED_COMMAND_INCR(c->sfd, ITEM_key(it), it->nkey, value);
    } else {
        if(delta > value) {
            value = 0;
        } else {
            value -= delta;
        }
        //MEMCACHED_COMMAND_DECR(c->sfd, ITEM_key(it), it->nkey, value);
    }

    pthread_mutex_lock(&t->stats.mutex);
    if (incr) {
        t->stats.slab_stats[ITEM_clsid(it)].incr_hits++;
    } else {
        t->stats.slab_stats[ITEM_clsid(it)].decr_hits++;
    }
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&t->stats.mutex);

    itoa_u64(value, buf);
    res = strlen(buf);
    /* refcount == 2 means we are the only ones holding the item, and it is
     * linked. We hold the item's lock in this function, so refcount cannot
     * increase. */
    if (res + 2 <= it->nbytes && it->refcount == 2) { /* replace in-place */
        /* When changing the value without replacing the item, we
           need to update the CAS on the existing item. */
        /* We also need to fiddle it in the sizes tracker in case the tracking
         * was enabled at runtime, since it relies on the CAS value to know
         * whether to remove an item or not. */
        item_stats_sizes_remove(it);
        ITEM_set_cas(it, (settings.use_cas) ? get_cas_id() : 0);
        item_stats_sizes_add(it);
        memcpy(ITEM_data(it), buf, res);
        memset(ITEM_data(it) + res, ' ', it->nbytes - res - 2);
        do_item_update(it);
    } else if (it->refcount > 1) {
        item *new_it;
        client_flags_t flags;
        FLAGS_CONV(it, flags);
        new_it = do_item_alloc(ITEM_key(it), it->nkey, flags, it->exptime, res + 2);
        if (new_it == 0) {
            do_item_remove(it);
            return EOM;
        }
        memcpy(ITEM_data(new_it), buf, res);
        memcpy(ITEM_data(new_it) + res, "\r\n", 2);
        item_replace(it, new_it, hv, (settings.use_cas) ? get_cas_id() : 0);
        // Overwrite the older item's CAS with our new CAS since we're
        // returning the CAS of the old item below.
        ITEM_set_cas(it, (settings.use_cas) ? ITEM_get_cas(new_it) : 0);
        do_item_remove(new_it);       /* release our reference */
    } else {
        /* Should never get here. This means we somehow fetched an unlinked
         * item. TODO: Add a counter? */
        if (settings.verbose) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Tried to do incr/decr on invalid item\n");
        }
        if (it->refcount == 1)
            do_item_remove(it);
        return DELTA_ITEM_NOT_FOUND;
    }

    if (cas) {
        *cas = ITEM_get_cas(it);    /* swap the incoming CAS value */
    }
    if (it_ret != NULL) {
        *it_ret = it;
    } else {
        do_item_remove(it);         /* release our reference */
    }
    return OK;
}

static int try_read_command_negotiate(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);
    assert(c->protocol == negotiating_prot);
    assert(c->rcurr <= (c->rbuf + c->rsize));
    assert(c->rbytes > 0);

    if ((unsigned char)c->rbuf[0] == (unsigned char)PROTOCOL_BINARY_REQ) {
        c->protocol = binary_prot;
        c->try_read_command = try_read_command_binary;
    } else {
        // authentication doesn't work with negotiated protocol.
        c->protocol = ascii_prot;
        c->try_read_command = try_read_command_ascii;
    }

    if (settings.verbose > 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%d: Client using the %s protocol\n", c->sfd,
                prot_text(c->protocol));
    }

    return c->try_read_command(c);
}

static int try_read_command_udp(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);
    assert(c->rcurr <= (c->rbuf + c->rsize));
    assert(c->rbytes > 0);

    if ((unsigned char)c->rbuf[0] == (unsigned char)PROTOCOL_BINARY_REQ) {
        c->protocol = binary_prot;
        return try_read_command_binary(c);
    } else {
        c->protocol = ascii_prot;
        return try_read_command_ascii(c);
    }
}

/*
 * read a UDP request.
 */
static enum try_read_result try_read_udp(conn *c) {
    int res;

    assert(c != NULL);

    c->request_addr_size = sizeof(c->request_addr);
    res = recvfrom(c->sfd, c->rbuf, c->rsize,
                   0, (struct sockaddr *)&c->request_addr,
                   &c->request_addr_size);
    if (res > 8) {
        unsigned char *buf = (unsigned char *)c->rbuf;
        pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
        c->thread->stats.bytes_read += res;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);

        /* Beginning of UDP packet is the request ID; save it. */
        c->request_id = buf[0] * 256 + buf[1];

        /* If this is a multi-packet request, drop it. */
        if (buf[4] != 0 || buf[5] != 1) {
            return READ_NO_DATA_RECEIVED;
        }

        /* Don't care about any of the rest of the header. */
        res -= 8;
        memmove(c->rbuf, c->rbuf + 8, res);

        c->rbytes = res;
        c->rcurr = c->rbuf;
        return READ_DATA_RECEIVED;
    }
    return READ_NO_DATA_RECEIVED;
}

/*
 * read from network as much as we can, handle buffer overflow and connection
 * close.
 * before reading, move the remaining incomplete fragment of a command
 * (if any) to the beginning of the buffer.
 *
 * To protect us from someone flooding a connection with bogus data causing
 * the connection to eat up all available memory, break out and start looking
 * at the data I've got after a number of reallocs...
 *
 * @return enum try_read_result
 */
static enum try_read_result try_read_network(conn *c) {
    enum try_read_result gotdata = READ_NO_DATA_RECEIVED;
    int res;
    int num_allocs = 0;
    assert(c != NULL);

    if (c->rcurr != c->rbuf) {
        if (c->rbytes > 0) /* otherwise there's nothing to copy */
            memmove(c->rbuf, c->rcurr, c->rbytes);
        c->rcurr = c->rbuf;
    }

    while (1) {
        // TODO: move to rbuf_* func?
        if (c->rbytes >= c->rsize && c->rbuf_malloced) {
            if (num_allocs == 4) {
                return gotdata;
            }
            ++num_allocs;
            char *new_rbuf = realloc(c->rbuf, c->rsize * 2);
            if (!new_rbuf) {
                STATS_LOCK();
                stats.malloc_fails++;
                STATS_UNLOCK();
                if (settings.verbose > 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't realloc input buffer\n");
                }
                c->rbytes = 0; /* ignore what we read */
                out_of_memory(c, "SERVER_ERROR out of memory reading request");
                c->close_after_write = true;
                return READ_MEMORY_ERROR;
            }
            c->rcurr = c->rbuf = new_rbuf;
            c->rsize *= 2;
        }

        int avail = c->rsize - c->rbytes;
        res = c->read(c, c->rbuf + c->rbytes, avail);
        if (res > 0) {
            pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
            c->thread->stats.bytes_read += res;
            pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
            gotdata = READ_DATA_RECEIVED;
            c->rbytes += res;
            if (res == avail && c->rbuf_malloced) {
                // Resize rbuf and try a few times if huge ascii multiget.
                continue;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (res == 0) {
            c->close_reason = NORMAL_CLOSE;
            return READ_ERROR;
        }
        if (res == -1) {
            if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
                break;
            }
            return READ_ERROR;
        }
    }
    return gotdata;
}

static bool update_event(conn *c, const int new_flags) {
    assert(c != NULL);

    struct event_base *base = c->event.ev_base;
    if (c->ev_flags == new_flags)
        return true;
    if (event_del(&c->event) == -1) return false;
    event_set(&c->event, c->sfd, new_flags, event_handler, (void *)c);
    event_base_set(base, &c->event);
    c->ev_flags = new_flags;
    if (event_add(&c->event, 0) == -1) return false;
    return true;
}

/*
 * Sets whether we are listening for new connections or not.
 */
void do_accept_new_conns(const bool do_accept) {
    conn *next;

    for (next = listen_conn; next; next = next->next) {
        if (do_accept) {
            update_event(next, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST);
            if (listen(next->sfd, settings.backlog) != 0) {
                perror("listen");
            }
        }
        else {
            update_event(next, 0);
            if (listen(next->sfd, 0) != 0) {
                perror("listen");
            }
        }
    }

    if (do_accept) {
        struct timeval maxconns_exited;
        uint64_t elapsed_us;
        gettimeofday(&maxconns_exited,NULL);
        STATS_LOCK();
        elapsed_us =
            (maxconns_exited.tv_sec - stats.maxconns_entered.tv_sec) * 1000000
            + (maxconns_exited.tv_usec - stats.maxconns_entered.tv_usec);
        stats.time_in_listen_disabled_us += elapsed_us;
        stats_state.accepting_conns = true;
        STATS_UNLOCK();
    } else {
        STATS_LOCK();
        stats_state.accepting_conns = false;
        gettimeofday(&stats.maxconns_entered,NULL);
        stats.listen_disabled_num++;
        STATS_UNLOCK();
        allow_new_conns = false;
        maxconns_handler(-42, 0, 0);
    }
}

#define TRANSMIT_ONE_RESP true
#define TRANSMIT_ALL_RESP false
static int _transmit_pre(conn *c, struct iovec *iovs, int iovused, bool one_resp) {
    mc_resp *resp = c->resp_head;
    while (resp && iovused + resp->iovcnt < IOV_MAX-1) {
        if (resp->skip) {
            // Don't actually unchain the resp obj here since it's singly-linked.
            // Just let the post function handle it linearly.
            resp = resp->next;
            continue;
        }
        if (resp->chunked_data_iov) {
            // Handle chunked items specially.
            // They spend much more time in send so we can be a bit wasteful
            // in rebuilding iovecs for them.
            item_chunk *ch = (item_chunk *)ITEM_schunk((item *)resp->iov[resp->chunked_data_iov].iov_base);
            int x;
            for (x = 0; x < resp->iovcnt; x++) {
                // This iov is tracking how far we've copied so far.
                if (x == resp->chunked_data_iov) {
                    int done = resp->chunked_total - resp->iov[x].iov_len;
                    // Start from the len to allow binprot to cut the \r\n
                    int todo = resp->iov[x].iov_len;
                    while (ch && todo > 0 && iovused < IOV_MAX-1) {
                        int skip = 0;
                        if (!ch->used) {
                            ch = ch->next;
                            continue;
                        }
                        // Skip parts we've already sent.
                        if (done >= ch->used) {
                            done -= ch->used;
                            ch = ch->next;
                            continue;
                        } else if (done) {
                            skip = done;
                            done = 0;
                        }
                        iovs[iovused].iov_base = ch->data + skip;
                        // Stupid binary protocol makes this go negative.
                        iovs[iovused].iov_len = ch->used - skip > todo ? todo : ch->used - skip;
                        iovused++;
                        todo -= ch->used - skip;
                        ch = ch->next;
                    }
                } else {
                    iovs[iovused].iov_base = resp->iov[x].iov_base;
                    iovs[iovused].iov_len = resp->iov[x].iov_len;
                    iovused++;
                }
                if (iovused >= IOV_MAX-1)
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            memcpy(&iovs[iovused], resp->iov, sizeof(struct iovec)*resp->iovcnt);
            iovused += resp->iovcnt;
        }

        // done looking at first response, walk down the chain.
        resp = resp->next;
        // used for UDP mode: UDP cannot send multiple responses per packet.
        if (one_resp)
            break;
    }
    return iovused;
}

/*
 * Decrements and completes responses based on how much data was transmitted.
 * Takes the connection and current result bytes.
 */
static void _transmit_post(conn *c, ssize_t res) {
    // We've written some of the data. Remove the completed
    // responses from the list of pending writes.
    mc_resp *resp = c->resp_head;
    while (resp) {
        int x;
        if (resp->skip) {
            resp = resp_finish(c, resp);
            continue;
        }

        // fastpath check. all small responses should cut here.
        if (res >= resp->tosend) {
            res -= resp->tosend;
            resp = resp_finish(c, resp);
            continue;
        }

        // it's fine to re-check iov's that were zeroed out before.
        for (x = 0; x < resp->iovcnt; x++) {
            struct iovec *iov = &resp->iov[x];
            if (res >= iov->iov_len) {
                resp->tosend -= iov->iov_len;
                res -= iov->iov_len;
                iov->iov_len = 0;
            } else {
                // Dumb special case for chunked items. Currently tracking
                // where to inject the chunked item via iov_base.
                // Extra not-great since chunked items can't be the first
                // index, so we have to check for non-zero c_d_iov first.
                if (!resp->chunked_data_iov || x != resp->chunked_data_iov) {
                    iov->iov_base = (char *)iov->iov_base + res;
                }
                iov->iov_len -= res;
                resp->tosend -= res;
                res = 0;
                break;
            }
        }

        // are we done with this response object?
        if (resp->tosend == 0) {
            resp = resp_finish(c, resp);
        } else {
            // Jammed up here. This is the new head.
            break;
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Transmit the next chunk of data from our list of msgbuf structures.
 *
 * Returns:
 *   TRANSMIT_COMPLETE   All done writing.
 *   TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE More data remaining to write.
 *   TRANSMIT_SOFT_ERROR Can't write any more right now.
 *   TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR Can't write (c->state is set to conn_closing)
 */
static enum transmit_result transmit(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);
    struct iovec iovs[IOV_MAX];
    struct msghdr msg;
    int iovused = 0;

    // init the msg.
    memset(&msg, 0, sizeof(struct msghdr));
    msg.msg_iov = iovs;

    iovused = _transmit_pre(c, iovs, iovused, TRANSMIT_ALL_RESP);
    if (iovused == 0) {
        // Avoid the syscall if we're only handling a noreply.
        // Return the response object.
        _transmit_post(c, 0);
        return TRANSMIT_COMPLETE;
    }

    // Alright, send.
    ssize_t res;
    msg.msg_iovlen = iovused;
    res = c->sendmsg(c, &msg, 0);
    if (res >= 0) {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
        c->thread->stats.bytes_written += res;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);

        // Decrement any partial IOV's and complete any finished resp's.
        _transmit_post(c, res);

        if (c->resp_head) {
            return TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE;
        } else {
            return TRANSMIT_COMPLETE;
        }
    }

    if (res == -1 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
        if (!update_event(c, EV_WRITE | EV_PERSIST)) {
            if (settings.verbose > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't update event\n");
            conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
            return TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR;
        }
        return TRANSMIT_SOFT_ERROR;
    }
    /* if res == -1 and error is not EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK,
       we have a real error, on which we close the connection */
    if (settings.verbose > 0)
        perror("Failed to write, and not due to blocking");

    conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
    return TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR;
}

static void build_udp_header(unsigned char *hdr, mc_resp *resp) {
    // We need to communicate the total number of packets
    // If this isn't set, it's the first time this response is building a udp
    // header, so "tosend" must be static.
    if (!resp->udp_total) {
        uint32_t total;
        total = resp->tosend / UDP_DATA_SIZE;
        if (resp->tosend % UDP_DATA_SIZE)
            total++;
        // The spec doesn't really say what we should do here. It's _probably_
        // better to bail out?
        if (total > USHRT_MAX) {
            total = USHRT_MAX;
        }
        resp->udp_total = total;
    }

    // TODO: why wasn't this hto*'s and casts?
    // this ends up sending UDP hdr data specifically in host byte order.
    *hdr++ = resp->request_id / 256;
    *hdr++ = resp->request_id % 256;
    *hdr++ = resp->udp_sequence / 256;
    *hdr++ = resp->udp_sequence % 256;
    *hdr++ = resp->udp_total / 256;
    *hdr++ = resp->udp_total % 256;
    *hdr++ = 0;
    *hdr++ = 0;
    resp->udp_sequence++;
}

/*
 * UDP specific transmit function. Uses its own function rather than check
 * IS_UDP() five times. If we ever implement sendmmsg or similar support they
 * will diverge even more.
 * Does not use TLS.
 *
 * Returns:
 *   TRANSMIT_COMPLETE   All done writing.
 *   TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE More data remaining to write.
 *   TRANSMIT_SOFT_ERROR Can't write any more right now.
 *   TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR Can't write (c->state is set to conn_closing)
 */
static enum transmit_result transmit_udp(conn *c) {
    assert(c != NULL);
    struct iovec iovs[IOV_MAX];
    struct msghdr msg;
    mc_resp *resp;
    int iovused = 0;
    unsigned char udp_hdr[UDP_HEADER_SIZE];

    // We only send one UDP packet per call (ugh), so we can only operate on a
    // single response at a time.
    resp = c->resp_head;

    if (!resp) {
        return TRANSMIT_COMPLETE;
    }

    if (resp->skip) {
        resp = resp_finish(c, resp);
        return TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE;
    }

    // clear the message and initialize it.
    memset(&msg, 0, sizeof(struct msghdr));
    msg.msg_iov = iovs;

    // the UDP source to return to.
    msg.msg_name = &resp->request_addr;
    msg.msg_namelen = resp->request_addr_size;

    // First IOV is the custom UDP header.
    iovs[0].iov_base = (void *)udp_hdr;
    iovs[0].iov_len = UDP_HEADER_SIZE;
    build_udp_header(udp_hdr, resp);
    iovused++;

    // Fill the IOV's the standard way.
    // TODO: might get a small speedup if we let it break early with a length
    // limit.
    iovused = _transmit_pre(c, iovs, iovused, TRANSMIT_ONE_RESP);

    // Clip the IOV's to the max UDP packet size.
    // If we add support for send_mmsg, this can be where we split msg's.
    {
        int x = 0;
        int len = 0;
        for (x = 0; x < iovused; x++) {
            if (len + iovs[x].iov_len >= UDP_MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE) {
                iovs[x].iov_len = UDP_MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE - len;
                x++;
                break;
            } else {
                len += iovs[x].iov_len;
            }
        }
        iovused = x;
    }

    ssize_t res;
    msg.msg_iovlen = iovused;
    // NOTE: uses system sendmsg since we have no support for indirect UDP.
    res = sendmsg(c->sfd, &msg, 0);
    if (res >= 0) {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
        c->thread->stats.bytes_written += res;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);

        // Ignore the header size from forwarding the IOV's
        res -= UDP_HEADER_SIZE;

        // Decrement any partial IOV's and complete any finished resp's.
        _transmit_post(c, res);

        if (c->resp_head) {
            return TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE;
        } else {
            return TRANSMIT_COMPLETE;
        }
    }

    if (res == -1 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
        if (!update_event(c, EV_WRITE | EV_PERSIST)) {
            if (settings.verbose > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't update event\n");
            conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
            return TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR;
        }
        return TRANSMIT_SOFT_ERROR;
    }
    /* if res == -1 and error is not EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK,
       we have a real error, on which we close the connection */
    if (settings.verbose > 0)
        perror("Failed to write, and not due to blocking");

    conn_set_state(c, conn_read);
    return TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR;
}


/* Does a looped read to fill data chunks */
/* TODO: restrict number of times this can loop.
 * Also, benchmark using readv's.
 */
static int read_into_chunked_item(conn *c) {
    int total = 0;
    int res;
    assert(c->rcurr != c->ritem);

    while (c->rlbytes > 0) {
        item_chunk *ch = (item_chunk *)c->ritem;
        if (ch->size == ch->used) {
            // FIXME: ch->next is currently always 0. remove this?
            if (ch->next) {
                c->ritem = (char *) ch->next;
            } else {
                /* Allocate next chunk. Binary protocol needs 2b for \r\n */
                c->ritem = (char *) do_item_alloc_chunk(ch, c->rlbytes +
                       ((c->protocol == binary_prot) ? 2 : 0));
                if (!c->ritem) {
                    // We failed an allocation. Let caller handle cleanup.
                    total = -2;
                    break;
                }
                // ritem has new chunk, restart the loop.
                continue;
                //assert(c->rlbytes == 0);
            }
        }

        int unused = ch->size - ch->used;
        /* first check if we have leftovers in the conn_read buffer */
        if (c->rbytes > 0) {
            total = 0;
            int tocopy = c->rbytes > c->rlbytes ? c->rlbytes : c->rbytes;
            tocopy = tocopy > unused ? unused : tocopy;
            if (c->ritem != c->rcurr) {
                memmove(ch->data + ch->used, c->rcurr, tocopy);
            }
            total += tocopy;
            c->rlbytes -= tocopy;
            c->rcurr += tocopy;
            c->rbytes -= tocopy;
            ch->used += tocopy;
            if (c->rlbytes == 0) {
                break;
            }
        } else {
            /*  now try reading from the socket */
            res = c->read(c, ch->data + ch->used,
                    (unused > c->rlbytes ? c->rlbytes : unused));
            if (res > 0) {
                pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                c->thread->stats.bytes_read += res;
                pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                ch->used += res;
                total += res;
                c->rlbytes -= res;
            } else {
                /* Reset total to the latest result so caller can handle it */
                total = res;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /* At some point I will be able to ditch the \r\n from item storage and
       remove all of these kludges.
       The above binprot check ensures inline space for \r\n, but if we do
       exactly enough allocs there will be no additional chunk for \r\n.
     */
    if (c->rlbytes == 0 && c->protocol == binary_prot && total >= 0) {
        item_chunk *ch = (item_chunk *)c->ritem;
        if (ch->size - ch->used < 2) {
            c->ritem = (char *) do_item_alloc_chunk(ch, 2);
            if (!c->ritem) {
                total = -2;
            }
        }
    }
    return total;
}

static void drive_machine(conn *c) {
    bool stop = false;
    int sfd;
    socklen_t addrlen;
    struct sockaddr_storage addr;
    int nreqs = settings.reqs_per_event;
    int res;
    const char *str;
#ifdef HAVE_ACCEPT4
    static int  use_accept4 = 1;
#else
    static int  use_accept4 = 0;
#endif

    assert(c != NULL);

    while (!stop) {

        switch(c->state) {
        case conn_listening:
            addrlen = sizeof(addr);
#ifdef HAVE_ACCEPT4
            if (use_accept4) {
                sfd = accept4(c->sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrlen, SOCK_NONBLOCK);
            } else {
                sfd = accept(c->sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrlen);
            }
#else
            sfd = accept(c->sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrlen);
#endif
            if (sfd == -1) {
                if (use_accept4 && errno == ENOSYS) {
                    use_accept4 = 0;
                    continue;
                }
                perror(use_accept4 ? "accept4()" : "accept()");
                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
                    /* these are transient, so don't log anything */
                    stop = true;
                } else if (errno == EMFILE) {
                    if (settings.verbose > 0)
                        fprintf(stderr, "Too many open connections\n");
                    accept_new_conns(false);
                    stop = true;
                } else {
                    perror("accept()");
                    stop = true;
                }
                break;
            }
            if (!use_accept4) {
                if (fcntl(sfd, F_SETFL, fcntl(sfd, F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK) < 0) {
                    perror("setting O_NONBLOCK");
                    close(sfd);
                    break;
                }
            }

            bool reject;
            if (settings.maxconns_fast) {
                reject = sfd >= settings.maxconns - 1;
                if (reject) {
                    STATS_LOCK();
                    stats.rejected_conns++;
                    STATS_UNLOCK();
                }
            } else {
                reject = false;
            }

            if (reject) {
                str = "ERROR Too many open connections\r\n";
                res = write(sfd, str, strlen(str));
                close(sfd);
            } else {
                // run accept routine if ssl is compiled + enabled
                bool fail = false;
                void *ssl_v = ssl_accept(c, sfd, &fail);
                if (fail) {
                    close(sfd);
                    break;
                }

                dispatch_conn_new(sfd, conn_new_cmd, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST,
                                     READ_BUFFER_CACHED, c->transport, ssl_v, c->tag, c->protocol);
            }

            stop = true;
            break;

        case conn_waiting:
            rbuf_release(c);
            if (!update_event(c, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST)) {
                if (settings.verbose > 0)
                    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't update event\n");
                conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                break;
            }

            conn_set_state(c, conn_read);
            stop = true;
            break;

        case conn_read:
            if (!IS_UDP(c->transport)) {
                // Assign a read buffer if necessary.
                if (!rbuf_alloc(c)) {
                    // TODO: Some way to allow for temporary failures.
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                    break;
                }
                res = try_read_network(c);
            } else {
                // UDP connections always have a static buffer.
                res = try_read_udp(c);
            }

            switch (res) {
            case READ_NO_DATA_RECEIVED:
                conn_set_state(c, conn_waiting);
                break;
            case READ_DATA_RECEIVED:
                conn_set_state(c, conn_parse_cmd);
                break;
            case READ_ERROR:
                conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                break;
            case READ_MEMORY_ERROR: /* Failed to allocate more memory */
                /* State already set by try_read_network */
                break;
            }
            break;

        case conn_parse_cmd:
            c->noreply = false;
            if (c->try_read_command(c) == 0) {
                /* we need more data! */
                if (c->resp_head) {
                    // Buffered responses waiting, flush in the meantime.
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_mwrite);
                } else {
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_waiting);
                }
            }

            break;

        case conn_new_cmd:
            /* Only process nreqs at a time to avoid starving other
               connections */

            --nreqs;
            if (nreqs >= 0) {
                reset_cmd_handler(c);
            } else if (c->resp_head) {
                // flush response pipe on yield.
                conn_set_state(c, conn_mwrite);
            } else {
                pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                c->thread->stats.conn_yields++;
                pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                if (c->rbytes > 0) {
                    /* We have already read in data into the input buffer,
                       so libevent will most likely not signal read events
                       on the socket (unless more data is available. As a
                       hack we should just put in a request to write data,
                       because that should be possible ;-)
                    */
                    if (!update_event(c, EV_WRITE | EV_PERSIST)) {
                        if (settings.verbose > 0)
                            fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't update event\n");
                        conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                        break;
                    }
                }
                stop = true;
            }
            break;

        case conn_nread:
            if (c->rlbytes == 0) {
                complete_nread(c);
                break;
            }

            /* Check if rbytes < 0, to prevent crash */
            if (c->rlbytes < 0) {
                if (settings.verbose) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid rlbytes to read: len %d\n", c->rlbytes);
                }
                conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                break;
            }

            if (c->item_malloced || ((((item *)c->item)->it_flags & ITEM_CHUNKED) == 0) ) {
                /* first check if we have leftovers in the conn_read buffer */
                if (c->rbytes > 0) {
                    int tocopy = c->rbytes > c->rlbytes ? c->rlbytes : c->rbytes;
                    memmove(c->ritem, c->rcurr, tocopy);
                    c->ritem += tocopy;
                    c->rlbytes -= tocopy;
                    c->rcurr += tocopy;
                    c->rbytes -= tocopy;
                    if (c->rlbytes == 0) {
                        break;
                    }
                }

                /*  now try reading from the socket */
                res = c->read(c, c->ritem, c->rlbytes);
                if (res > 0) {
                    pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                    c->thread->stats.bytes_read += res;
                    pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                    if (c->rcurr == c->ritem) {
                        c->rcurr += res;
                    }
                    c->ritem += res;
                    c->rlbytes -= res;
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                res = read_into_chunked_item(c);
                if (res > 0)
                    break;
            }

            if (res == 0) { /* end of stream */
                c->close_reason = NORMAL_CLOSE;
                conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                break;
            }

            if (res == -1 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
                if (!update_event(c, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST)) {
                    if (settings.verbose > 0)
                        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't update event\n");
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                    break;
                }
                stop = true;
                break;
            }

            /* Memory allocation failure */
            if (res == -2) {
                out_of_memory(c, "SERVER_ERROR Out of memory during read");
                c->sbytes = c->rlbytes;
                conn_set_state(c, conn_swallow);
                // Ensure this flag gets cleared. It gets killed on conn_new()
                // so any conn_closing is fine, calling complete_nread is
                // fine. This swallow semms to be the only other case.
                c->set_stale = false;
                c->mset_res = false;
                break;
            }
            /* otherwise we have a real error, on which we close the connection */
            if (settings.verbose > 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read, and not due to blocking:\n"
                        "errno: %d %s \n"
                        "rcurr=%p ritem=%p rbuf=%p rlbytes=%d rsize=%d\n",
                        errno, strerror(errno),
                        (void *)c->rcurr, (void *)c->ritem, (void *)c->rbuf,
                        (int)c->rlbytes, (int)c->rsize);
            }
            conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
            break;

        case conn_swallow:
            /* we are reading sbytes and throwing them away */
            if (c->sbytes <= 0) {
                conn_set_state(c, conn_new_cmd);
                break;
            }

            /* first check if we have leftovers in the conn_read buffer */
            if (c->rbytes > 0) {
                int tocopy = c->rbytes > c->sbytes ? c->sbytes : c->rbytes;
                c->sbytes -= tocopy;
                c->rcurr += tocopy;
                c->rbytes -= tocopy;
                break;
            }

            /*  now try reading from the socket */
            res = c->read(c, c->rbuf, c->rsize > c->sbytes ? c->sbytes : c->rsize);
            if (res > 0) {
                pthread_mutex_lock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                c->thread->stats.bytes_read += res;
                pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->thread->stats.mutex);
                c->sbytes -= res;
                break;
            }
            if (res == 0) { /* end of stream */
                c->close_reason = NORMAL_CLOSE;
                conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                break;
            }
            if (res == -1 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
                if (!update_event(c, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST)) {
                    if (settings.verbose > 0)
                        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't update event\n");
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                    break;
                }
                stop = true;
                break;
            }
            /* otherwise we have a real error, on which we close the connection */
            if (settings.verbose > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read, and not due to blocking\n");
            conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
            break;

        case conn_write:
        case conn_mwrite:
            /* have side IO's that must process before transmit() can run.
             * remove the connection from the worker thread and dispatch the
             * IO queue
             */
            assert(c->io_queues_submitted == 0);

            for (io_queue_t *q = c->io_queues; q->type != IO_QUEUE_NONE; q++) {
                if (q->stack_ctx != NULL) {
                    io_queue_cb_t *qcb = thread_io_queue_get(c->thread, q->type);
                    qcb->submit_cb(q);
                    c->io_queues_submitted++;
                }
            }
            if (c->io_queues_submitted != 0) {
                conn_set_state(c, conn_io_queue);

                stop = true;
                break;
            }

            switch (!IS_UDP(c->transport) ? transmit(c) : transmit_udp(c)) {
            case TRANSMIT_COMPLETE:
                if (c->state == conn_mwrite) {
                    // Free up IO wraps and any half-uploaded items.
                    conn_release_items(c);
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_new_cmd);
                    if (c->close_after_write) {
                        conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                    }
                } else {
                    if (settings.verbose > 0)
                        fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected state %d\n", c->state);
                    conn_set_state(c, conn_closing);
                }
                break;

            case TRANSMIT_INCOMPLETE:
            case TRANSMIT_HARD_ERROR:
                break;                   /* Continue in state machine. */

            case TRANSMIT_SOFT_ERROR:
                stop = true;
                break;
            }
            break;

        case conn_closing:
            if (IS_UDP(c->transport))
                conn_cleanup(c);
            else
                conn_close(c);
            stop = true;
            break;

        case conn_closed:
            /* This only happens if dormando is an idiot. */
            abort();
            break;

        case conn_watch:
            /* We handed off our connection to the logger thread. */
            stop = true;
            break;
        case conn_io_queue:
            /* Woke up while waiting for an async return, but not ready. */
            event_del(&c->event);
            conn_set_state(c, conn_io_pending);
            stop = true;
            break;
        case conn_io_pending:
            /* Should not be reachable */
            assert(false);
            break;
        case conn_io_resume:
            /* Complete our queued IO's from within the worker thread. */
            conn_set_state(c, conn_mwrite);
            break;
        case conn_max_state:
            assert(false);
            break;
        }
    }

    return;
}

void event_handler(const evutil_socket_t fd, const short which, void *arg) {
    conn *c;

    c = (conn *)arg;
    assert(c != NULL);

    c->which = which;

    /* sanity */
    if (fd != c->sfd) {
        if (settings.verbose > 0)
            fprintf(stderr, "Catastrophic: event fd doesn't match conn fd!\n");
        conn_close(c);
        return;
    }

    drive_machine(c);

    /* wait for next event */
    return;
}

static int new_socket(struct addrinfo *ai) {
    int sfd;
    int flags;

    if ((sfd = socket(ai->ai_family, ai->ai_socktype, ai->ai_protocol)) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    if ((flags = fcntl(sfd, F_GETFL, 0)) < 0 ||
        fcntl(sfd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) < 0) {
        perror("setting O_NONBLOCK");
        close(sfd);
        return -1;
    }
    return sfd;
}


/*
 * Sets a socket's send buffer size to the maximum allowed by the system.
 */
static void maximize_sndbuf(const int sfd) {
    socklen_t intsize = sizeof(int);
    int last_good = 0;
    int min, max, avg;
    int old_size;

    /* Start with the default size. */
#ifdef _WIN32
    if (getsockopt((SOCKET)sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&old_size, &intsize) != 0) {
#else
    if (getsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &old_size, &intsize) != 0) {
#endif /* #ifdef _WIN32 */
        if (settings.verbose > 0)
            perror("getsockopt(SO_SNDBUF)");
        return;
    }

    /* Binary-search for the real maximum. */
    min = old_size;
    max = MAX_SENDBUF_SIZE;

    while (min <= max) {
        avg = ((unsigned int)(min + max)) / 2;
        if (setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (void *)&avg, intsize) == 0) {
            last_good = avg;
            min = avg + 1;
        } else {
            max = avg - 1;
        }
    }

    if (settings.verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "<%d send buffer was %d, now %d\n", sfd, old_size, last_good);
}

/**
 * Create a socket and bind it to a specific port number
 * @param interface the interface to bind to
 * @param port the port number to bind to
 * @param transport the transport protocol (TCP / UDP)
 * @param portnumber_file A filepointer to write the port numbers to
 *        when they are successfully added to the list of ports we
 *        listen on.
 */
static int server_socket(const char *interface,
                         int port,
                         enum network_transport transport,
                         FILE *portnumber_file, uint8_t ssl_enabled,
                         uint64_t conntag,
                         enum protocol bproto) {
    int sfd;
    struct linger ling = {0, 0};
    struct addrinfo *ai;
    struct addrinfo *next;
    struct addrinfo hints = { .ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE,
                              .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC };
    char port_buf[NI_MAXSERV];
    int error;
    int success = 0;
    int flags =1;

    hints.ai_socktype = IS_UDP(transport) ? SOCK_DGRAM : SOCK_STREAM;

    if (port == -1) {
        port = 0;
    }
    snprintf(port_buf, sizeof(port_buf), "%d", port);
    error= getaddrinfo(interface, port_buf, &hints, &ai);
    if (error != 0) {
        if (error != EAI_SYSTEM)
          fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo(): %s\n", gai_strerror(error));
        else
          perror("getaddrinfo()");
        return 1;
    }

    for (next= ai; next; next= next->ai_next) {
        conn *listen_conn_add;
        if ((sfd = new_socket(next)) == -1) {
            /* getaddrinfo can return "junk" addresses,
             * we make sure at least one works before erroring.
             */
            if (errno == EMFILE) {
                /* ...unless we're out of fds */
                perror("server_socket");
                exit(EX_OSERR);
            }
            continue;
        }

        if (settings.num_napi_ids) {
            socklen_t len = sizeof(socklen_t);
            int napi_id;
            error = getsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID, &napi_id, &len);
            if (error != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "-N <num_napi_ids> option not supported\n");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }
        }

#ifdef IPV6_V6ONLY
        if (next->ai_family == AF_INET6) {
            error = setsockopt(sfd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, (char *) &flags, sizeof(flags));
            if (error != 0) {
                perror("setsockopt");
                close(sfd);
                continue;
            }
        }
#endif
#ifdef SOCK_COOKIE_ID
        if (settings.sock_cookie_id != 0) {
            error = setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SOCK_COOKIE_ID, (void *)&settings.sock_cookie_id, sizeof(uint32_t));
            if (error != 0)
                perror("setsockopt");
        }
#endif

        setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (void *)&flags, sizeof(flags));
        if (IS_UDP(transport)) {
            maximize_sndbuf(sfd);
        } else {
            error = setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, (void *)&flags, sizeof(flags));
            if (error != 0)
                perror("setsockopt");

            error = setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_LINGER, (void *)&ling, sizeof(ling));
            if (error != 0)
                perror("setsockopt");

            error = setsockopt(sfd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, (void *)&flags, sizeof(flags));
            if (error != 0)
                perror("setsockopt");
        }

        if (bind(sfd, next->ai_addr, next->ai_addrlen) == -1) {
            if (errno != EADDRINUSE) {
                perror("bind()");
                close(sfd);
                freeaddrinfo(ai);
                return 1;
            }
            close(sfd);
            continue;
        } else {
            success++;
            if (!IS_UDP(transport) && listen(sfd, settings.backlog) == -1) {
                perror("listen()");
                close(sfd);
                freeaddrinfo(ai);
                return 1;
            }
            if (portnumber_file != NULL &&
                (next->ai_addr->sa_family == AF_INET ||
                 next->ai_addr->sa_family == AF_INET6)) {
                union {
                    struct sockaddr_in in;
                    struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
                } my_sockaddr;
                socklen_t len = sizeof(my_sockaddr);
                if (getsockname(sfd, (struct sockaddr*)&my_sockaddr, &len)==0) {
                    if (next->ai_addr->sa_family == AF_INET) {
                        fprintf(portnumber_file, "%s INET: %u\n",
                                IS_UDP(transport) ? "UDP" : "TCP",
                                ntohs(my_sockaddr.in.sin_port));
                    } else {
                        fprintf(portnumber_file, "%s INET6: %u\n",
                                IS_UDP(transport) ? "UDP" : "TCP",
                                ntohs(my_sockaddr.in6.sin6_port));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (IS_UDP(transport)) {
            int c;

            for (c = 0; c < settings.num_threads_per_udp; c++) {
                /* Allocate one UDP file descriptor per worker thread;
                 * this allows "stats conns" to separately list multiple
                 * parallel UDP requests in progress.
                 *
                 * The dispatch code round-robins new connection requests
                 * among threads, so this is guaranteed to assign one
                 * FD to each thread.
                 */
                int per_thread_fd;
                if (c == 0) {
                    per_thread_fd = sfd;
                } else {
                    per_thread_fd = dup(sfd);
                    if (per_thread_fd < 0) {
                        perror("Failed to duplicate file descriptor");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                }
                dispatch_conn_new(per_thread_fd, conn_read,
                                  EV_READ | EV_PERSIST,
                                  UDP_READ_BUFFER_SIZE, transport, NULL, conntag, bproto);
            }
        } else {
            if (!(listen_conn_add = conn_new(sfd, conn_listening,
                                             EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, 1,
                                             transport, main_base, NULL, conntag, bproto))) {
                fprintf(stderr, "failed to create listening connection\n");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }
#ifdef TLS
            listen_conn_add->ssl_enabled = ssl_enabled;
#else
            assert(ssl_enabled == false);
#endif
            listen_conn_add->next = listen_conn;
            listen_conn = listen_conn_add;
        }
    }

    freeaddrinfo(ai);

    /* Return zero iff we detected no errors in starting up connections */
    return success == 0;
}

static int server_sockets(int port, enum network_transport transport,
                          FILE *portnumber_file) {
    uint8_t ssl_enabled = MC_SSL_DISABLED;

    const char *notls = "notls";
    const char *btls = "btls";
    const char *mtls = "mtls";
    if (settings.ssl_enabled) {
        ssl_enabled = MC_SSL_ENABLED_DEFAULT;
    }

    if (settings.inter == NULL) {
        return server_socket(settings.inter, port, transport, portnumber_file, ssl_enabled, 0, settings.binding_protocol);
    } else {
        // tokenize them and bind to each one of them..
        char *b;
        int ret = 0;
        char *list = strdup(settings.inter);

        if (list == NULL) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory for parsing server interface string\n");
            return 1;
        }
        // If we encounter any failure, preserve the first errno for the caller.
        int errno_save = 0;
        for (char *p = strtok_r(list, ";,", &b);
            p != NULL;
            p = strtok_r(NULL, ";,", &b)) {
            uint64_t conntag = 0;
            int the_port = port;
            if (settings.ssl_enabled) {
                ssl_enabled = MC_SSL_ENABLED_DEFAULT;
            }
            // "notls" option is valid only when memcached is run with SSL enabled.
            if (strncmp(p, notls, strlen(notls)) == 0) {
                if (!settings.ssl_enabled) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "'notls' option is valid only when SSL is enabled\n");
                    free(list);
                    return 1;
                }
                ssl_enabled = MC_SSL_DISABLED;
                p += strlen(notls) + 1;
            } else if (strncmp(p, btls, strlen(btls)) == 0) {
                 if (!settings.ssl_enabled) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "'btls' option is valid only when SSL is enabled\n");
                    free(list);
                    return 1;
                }
                ssl_enabled = MC_SSL_ENABLED_NOPEER;
                p += strlen(btls) + 1;
            } else if (strncmp(p, mtls, strlen(mtls)) == 0) {
                if (!settings.ssl_enabled) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "'otls' option is valid only when SSL is enabled\n");
                    free(list);
                    return 1;
                }
                ssl_enabled = MC_SSL_ENABLED_PEER;
                p += strlen(mtls) + 1;
            }

            // Allow forcing the protocol of this listener.
            const char *protostr = "proto";
            enum protocol bproto = settings.binding_protocol;
            if (strncmp(p, protostr, strlen(protostr)) == 0) {
                p += strlen(protostr);
                if (*p == '[') {
                    char *e = strchr(p, ']');
                    if (e == NULL) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid protocol spec: \"%s\"\n", p);
                        free(list);
                        return 1;
                    }
                    char *st = ++p; // skip '[';
                    *e = '\0';
                    size_t len = e - st;
                    p = ++e; // skip ']'
                    p++; // skip an assumed ':'

                    if (strncmp(st, "ascii", len) == 0) {
                        bproto = ascii_prot;
                    } else if (strncmp(st, "binary", len) == 0) {
                        bproto = binary_prot;
                    } else if (strncmp(st, "negotiating", len) == 0) {
                        bproto = negotiating_prot;
                    } else if (strncmp(st, "proxy", len) == 0) {
#ifdef PROXY
                        if (settings.proxy_enabled) {
                            bproto = proxy_prot;
                        } else {
                            fprintf(stderr, "Proxy must be enabled to use: \"%s\"\n", list);
                            free(list);
                            return 1;
                        }
#else
                        fprintf(stderr, "Server not built with proxy: \"%s\"\n", list);
                        free(list);
                        return 1;
#endif
                    }
                }
            }

            const char *tagstr = "tag";
            if (strncmp(p, tagstr, strlen(tagstr)) == 0) {
                p += strlen(tagstr);
                // NOTE: should probably retire the [] dumbassery. those're
                // shell characters.
                if (*p == '[' || *p == '_') {
                    char *e = strchr(p, ']');
                    if (e == NULL) {
                        e = strchr(p+1, '_');
                    }
                    if (e == NULL) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid tag in socket config: \"%s\"\n", p);
                        free(list);
                        return 1;
                    }
                    char *st = ++p; // skip '['
                    *e = '\0';
                    size_t len = e - st;
                    p = ++e; // skip ']'
                    p++; // skip an assumed ':'

                    // validate the tag and copy it in.
                    if (len > 8 || len < 1) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Listener tags must be between 1 and 8 characters: \"%s\"\n", st);
                        free(list);
                        return 1;
                    }

                    // C programmers love turning string comparisons into
                    // integer comparisons.
                    memcpy(&conntag, st, len);
                }
            }

            char *h = NULL;
            if (*p == '[') {
                // expecting it to be an IPv6 address enclosed in []
                // i.e. RFC3986 style recommended by RFC5952
                char *e = strchr(p, ']');
                if (e == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid IPV6 address: \"%s\"", p);
                    free(list);
                    return 1;
                }
                h = ++p; // skip the opening '['
                *e = '\0';
                p = ++e; // skip the closing ']'
            }

            char *s = strchr(p, ':');
            if (s != NULL) {
                // If no more semicolons - attempt to treat as port number.
                // Otherwise the only valid option is an unenclosed IPv6 without port, until
                // of course there was an RFC3986 IPv6 address previously specified -
                // in such a case there is no good option, will just send it to fail as port number.
                if (strchr(s + 1, ':') == NULL || h != NULL) {
                    *s = '\0';
                    ++s;
                    if (!safe_strtol(s, &the_port)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid port number: \"%s\"\n", s);
                        free(list);
                        return 1;
                    }
                }
            }

            if (h != NULL)
                p = h;

            if (strcmp(p, "*") == 0) {
                p = NULL;
            }
            ret |= server_socket(p, the_port, transport, portnumber_file, ssl_enabled, conntag, bproto);
            if (ret != 0 && errno_save == 0) errno_save = errno;
        }
        free(list);
        errno = errno_save;
        return ret;
    }
}

#ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET
static int new_socket_unix(void) {
    int sfd;
    int flags;

    if ((sfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1) {
        perror("socket()");
        return -1;
    }

    if ((flags = fcntl(sfd, F_GETFL, 0)) < 0 ||
        fcntl(sfd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) < 0) {
        perror("setting O_NONBLOCK");
        close(sfd);
        return -1;
    }
    return sfd;
}

static int server_socket_unix(const char *path, int access_mask) {
    int sfd;
    struct linger ling = {0, 0};
    struct sockaddr_un addr;
    struct stat tstat;
    int flags =1;
    int old_umask;

    if (!path) {
        return 1;
    }

    if ((sfd = new_socket_unix()) == -1) {
        return 1;
    }

    /*
     * Clean up a previous socket file if we left it around
     */
    if (lstat(path, &tstat) == 0) {
        if (S_ISSOCK(tstat.st_mode))
            unlink(path);
    }

    setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (void *)&flags, sizeof(flags));
    setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, (void *)&flags, sizeof(flags));
    setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_LINGER, (void *)&ling, sizeof(ling));

    /*
     * the memset call clears nonstandard fields in some implementations
     * that otherwise mess things up.
     */
    memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));

    addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    strncpy(addr.sun_path, path, sizeof(addr.sun_path) - 1);
    assert(strcmp(addr.sun_path, path) == 0);
    old_umask = umask( ~(access_mask&0777));
    if (bind(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
        perror("bind()");
        close(sfd);
        umask(old_umask);
        return 1;
    }
    umask(old_umask);
    if (listen(sfd, settings.backlog) == -1) {
        perror("listen()");
        close(sfd);
        return 1;
    }
    if (!(listen_conn = conn_new(sfd, conn_listening,
                                 EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, 1,
                                 local_transport, main_base, NULL, 0, settings.binding_protocol))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "failed to create listening connection\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    return 0;
}
#else
#define server_socket_unix(path, access_mask)   -1
#endif /* #ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET */

/*
 * We keep the current time of day in a global variable that's updated by a
 * timer event. This saves us a bunch of time() system calls (we really only
 * need to get the time once a second, whereas there can be tens of thousands
 * of requests a second) and allows us to use server-start-relative timestamps
 * rather than absolute UNIX timestamps, a space savings on systems where
 * sizeof(time_t) > sizeof(unsigned int).
 */
volatile rel_time_t current_time;
static struct event clockevent;
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
volatile bool is_paused;
volatile int64_t delta;
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
static bool monotonic = false;
static int64_t monotonic_start;
#endif

/* libevent uses a monotonic clock when available for event scheduling. Aside
 * from jitter, simply ticking our internal timer here is accurate enough.
 * Note that users who are setting explicit dates for expiration times *must*
 * ensure their clocks are correct before starting memcached. */
static void clock_handler(const evutil_socket_t fd, const short which, void *arg) {
    struct timeval t = {.tv_sec = 1, .tv_usec = 0};
    static bool initialized = false;

    if (initialized) {
        /* only delete the event if it's actually there. */
        evtimer_del(&clockevent);
    } else {
        initialized = true;
    }

    // While we're here, check for hash table expansion.
    // This function should be quick to avoid delaying the timer.
    assoc_start_expand(stats_state.curr_items);
    // also, if HUP'ed we need to do some maintenance.
    // for now that's just the authfile reload.
    if (settings.sig_hup) {
        settings.sig_hup = false;

        authfile_load(settings.auth_file);
#ifdef PROXY
        if (settings.proxy_ctx) {
            proxy_start_reload(settings.proxy_ctx);
        }
#endif
    }

    evtimer_set(&clockevent, clock_handler, 0);
    event_base_set(main_base, &clockevent);
    evtimer_add(&clockevent, &t);

#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
    if (is_paused) return;
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
    if (monotonic) {
        struct timespec ts;
        if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) == -1)
            return;
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
        current_time = (rel_time_t) (ts.tv_sec - monotonic_start + delta);
#else
        current_time = (rel_time_t) (ts.tv_sec - monotonic_start);
#endif
        return;
    }
#endif
    {
        struct timeval tv;
        gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
        current_time = (rel_time_t) (tv.tv_sec - process_started + delta);
#else
        current_time = (rel_time_t) (tv.tv_sec - process_started);
#endif
    }
}

static const char* flag_enabled_disabled(bool flag) {
    return (flag ? "enabled" : "disabled");
}

void verify_default(const char* param, bool condition) {
    if (!condition) {
        printf("Default value of [%s] has changed."
            " Modify the help text and default value check.\n", param);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}

static void usage(void) {
    printf(PACKAGE " " VERSION "\n");
    printf("-p, --port=<num>          TCP port to listen on (default: %d)\n"
           "-U, --udp-port=<num>      UDP port to listen on (default: %d, off)\n",
           settings.port, settings.udpport);
#ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET
    printf("-s, --unix-socket=<file>  UNIX socket to listen on (disables network support)\n");
    printf("-a, --unix-mask=<mask>    access mask for UNIX socket, in octal (default: %o)\n",
            settings.access);
#endif /* #ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET */
    printf("-A, --enable-shutdown     enable ascii \"shutdown\" command\n");
    printf("-l, --listen=<addr>       interface to listen on (default: INADDR_ANY)\n");
#ifdef TLS
    printf("                          if TLS/SSL is enabled, 'notls' prefix can be used to\n"
           "                          disable for specific listeners (-l notls:<ip>:<port>) \n");
#endif
    printf("-d, --daemon              run as a daemon\n"
           "-r, --enable-coredumps    maximize core file limit\n"
           "-u, --user=<user>         assume identity of <username> (only when run as root)\n"
           "-m, --memory-limit=<num>  item memory in megabytes (default: %lu)\n"
           "-M, --disable-evictions   return error on memory exhausted instead of evicting\n"
           "-c, --conn-limit=<num>    max simultaneous connections (default: %d)\n"
           "-k, --lock-memory         lock down all paged memory\n"
           "-v, --verbose             verbose (print errors/warnings while in event loop)\n"
           "-vv                       very verbose (also print client commands/responses)\n"
           "-vvv                      extremely verbose (internal state transitions)\n"
           "-h, --help                print this help and exit\n"
           "-i, --license             print memcached and libevent license\n"
           "-V, --version             print version and exit\n"
           "-P, --pidfile=<file>      save PID in <file>, only used with -d option\n"
           "-f, --slab-growth-factor=<num> chunk size growth factor (default: %2.2f)\n"
           "-n, --slab-min-size=<bytes> min space used for key+value+flags (default: %d)\n",
           (unsigned long) settings.maxbytes / (1 << 20),
           settings.maxconns, settings.factor, settings.chunk_size);
    verify_default("udp-port",settings.udpport == 0);
    printf("-L, --enable-largepages  try to use large memory pages (if available)\n");
    printf("-D <char>     Use <char> as the delimiter between key prefixes and IDs.\n"
           "              This is used for per-prefix stats reporting. The default is\n"
           "              \"%c\" (colon). If this option is specified, stats collection\n"
           "              is turned on automatically; if not, then it may be turned on\n"
           "              by sending the \"stats detail on\" command to the server.\n",
           settings.prefix_delimiter);
    printf("-t, --threads=<num>       number of threads to use (default: %d)\n", settings.num_threads);
    printf("-R, --max-reqs-per-event  maximum number of requests per event, limits the\n"
           "                          requests processed per connection to prevent \n"
           "                          starvation (default: %d)\n", settings.reqs_per_event);
    printf("-C, --disable-cas         disable use of CAS\n");
    printf("-b, --listen-backlog=<num> set the backlog queue limit (default: %d)\n", settings.backlog);
    printf("-B, --protocol=<name>     protocol - one of ascii, binary, or auto (default: %s)\n",
           prot_text(settings.binding_protocol));
    printf("-I, --max-item-size=<num> adjusts max item size\n"
           "                          (default: %dm, min: %dk, max: %dm)\n",
           settings.item_size_max/ (1 << 20), ITEM_SIZE_MAX_LOWER_LIMIT / (1 << 10),  ITEM_SIZE_MAX_UPPER_LIMIT / (1 << 20));
#ifdef ENABLE_SASL
    printf("-S, --enable-sasl         turn on Sasl authentication\n");
#endif
    printf("-F, --disable-flush-all   disable flush_all command\n");
    printf("-X, --disable-dumping     disable stats cachedump and lru_crawler metadump\n");
    printf("-W  --disable-watch       disable watch commands (live logging)\n");
    printf("-Y, --auth-file=<file>    (EXPERIMENTAL) enable ASCII protocol authentication. format:\n"
           "                          user:pass\\nuser2:pass2\\n\n");
    printf("-e, --memory-file=<file>  (EXPERIMENTAL) mmap a file for item memory.\n"
           "                          use only in ram disks or persistent memory mounts!\n"
           "                          enables restartable cache (stop with SIGUSR1)\n");
#ifdef TLS
    printf("-Z, --enable-ssl          enable TLS/SSL\n");
#endif
    printf("-o, --extended            comma separated list of extended options\n"
           "                          most options have a 'no_' prefix to disable\n"
           "   - maxconns_fast:       immediately close new connections after limit (default: %s)\n"
           "   - hashpower:           an integer multiplier for how large the hash\n"
           "                          table should be. normally grows at runtime. (default starts at: %d)\n"
           "                          set based on \"STAT hash_power_level\"\n"
           "   - tail_repair_time:    time in seconds for how long to wait before\n"
           "                          forcefully killing LRU tail item.\n"
           "                          disabled by default; very dangerous option.\n"
           "   - hash_algorithm:      the hash table algorithm\n"
           "                          default is murmur3 hash. options: jenkins, murmur3, xxh3\n"
           "   - no_lru_crawler:      disable LRU Crawler background thread.\n"
           "   - lru_crawler_sleep:   microseconds to sleep between items\n"
           "                          default is %d.\n"
           "   - lru_crawler_tocrawl: max items to crawl per slab per run\n"
           "                          default is %u (unlimited)\n",
           flag_enabled_disabled(settings.maxconns_fast), settings.hashpower_init,
           settings.lru_crawler_sleep, settings.lru_crawler_tocrawl);
    printf("   - read_buf_mem_limit:  limit in megabytes for connection read/response buffers.\n"
           "                          do not adjust unless you have high (20k+) conn. limits.\n"
           "                          0 means unlimited (default: %u)\n",
           settings.read_buf_mem_limit);
    verify_default("read_buf_mem_limit", settings.read_buf_mem_limit == 0);
    printf("   - no_lru_maintainer:   disable new LRU system + background thread.\n"
           "   - hot_lru_pct:         pct of slab memory to reserve for hot lru.\n"
           "                          (requires lru_maintainer, default pct: %d)\n"
           "   - warm_lru_pct:        pct of slab memory to reserve for warm lru.\n"
           "                          (requires lru_maintainer, default pct: %d)\n"
           "   - hot_max_factor:      items idle > cold lru age * drop from hot lru. (default: %.2f)\n"
           "   - warm_max_factor:     items idle > cold lru age * this drop from warm. (default: %.2f)\n"
           "   - temporary_ttl:       TTL's below get separate LRU, can't be evicted.\n"
           "                          (requires lru_maintainer, default: %d)\n"
           "   - idle_timeout:        timeout for idle connections. (default: %d, no timeout)\n",
           settings.hot_lru_pct, settings.warm_lru_pct, settings.hot_max_factor, settings.warm_max_factor,
           settings.temporary_ttl, settings.idle_timeout);
    printf("   - slab_chunk_max:      (EXPERIMENTAL) maximum slab size in kilobytes. use extreme care. (default: %d)\n"
           "   - watcher_logbuf_size: size in kilobytes of per-watcher write buffer. (default: %u)\n"
           "   - worker_logbuf_size:  size in kilobytes of per-worker-thread buffer\n"
           "                          read by background thread, then written to watchers. (default: %u)\n"
           "   - track_sizes:         enable dynamic reports for 'stats sizes' command.\n"
           "                          note that counts for each size are approximate.\n"
           "   - no_hashexpand:       disables hash table expansion (dangerous)\n"
           "   - modern:              enables options which will be default in future.\n"
           "                          currently: nothing\n"
           "   - no_modern:           uses defaults of previous major version (1.4.x)\n",
           settings.slab_chunk_size_max / (1 << 10), settings.logger_watcher_buf_size / (1 << 10),
           settings.logger_buf_size / (1 << 10));
    verify_default("tail_repair_time", settings.tail_repair_time == TAIL_REPAIR_TIME_DEFAULT);
    verify_default("lru_crawler_tocrawl", settings.lru_crawler_tocrawl == 0);
    verify_default("idle_timeout", settings.idle_timeout == 0);
#ifdef HAVE_DROP_PRIVILEGES
    printf("   - drop_privileges:     enable dropping extra syscall privileges\n"
           "   - no_drop_privileges:  disable drop_privileges in case it causes issues with\n"
           "                          some customisation.\n"
           "                          (default is no_drop_privileges)\n");
    verify_default("drop_privileges", !settings.drop_privileges);
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
    printf("   - relaxed_privileges:  running tests requires extra privileges. (default: %s)\n",
           flag_enabled_disabled(settings.relaxed_privileges));
#endif
#endif
#ifdef SOCK_COOKIE_ID
    printf("   - sock_cookie_id:      attributes an ID to a socket for ip filtering/firewalls \n");
#endif
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    printf("\n   - External storage (ext_*) related options (see: https://memcached.org/extstore)\n");
    printf("   - ext_path:            file to write to for external storage.\n"
           "                          ie: ext_path=/mnt/d1/extstore:1G\n"
           "   - ext_page_size:       size in megabytes of storage pages. (default: %u)\n"
           "   - ext_wbuf_size:       size in megabytes of page write buffers. (default: %u)\n"
           "   - ext_threads:         number of IO threads to run. (default: %u)\n"
           "   - ext_item_size:       store items larger than this (bytes, default %u)\n"
           "   - ext_item_age:        store items idle at least this long (seconds, default: no age limit)\n"
           "   - ext_low_ttl:         consider TTLs lower than this specially (default: %u)\n"
           "   - ext_drop_unread:     don't re-write unread values during compaction (default: %s)\n"
           "   - ext_recache_rate:    recache an item every N accesses (default: %u)\n"
           "   - ext_compact_under:   compact when fewer than this many free pages\n"
           "                          (default: 1 percent of the assigned storage)\n"
           "   - ext_drop_under:      drop COLD items when fewer than this many free pages\n"
           "                          (default: 1/4th of the assigned storage)\n"
           "   - ext_max_frag:        only defrag pages if they are less full than this pct-wise (default: %.2f)\n"
           "   - ext_max_sleep:       max sleep time of background threads in us (default: %u)\n"
           "   - slab_automove_freeratio: ratio of memory to hold free as buffer.\n"
           "                          (see doc/storage.txt for more info, default: %.3f)\n",
           settings.ext_page_size / (1 << 20), settings.ext_wbuf_size / (1 << 20), settings.ext_io_threadcount,
           settings.ext_item_size, settings.ext_low_ttl,
           flag_enabled_disabled(settings.ext_drop_unread), settings.ext_recache_rate,
           settings.ext_max_frag, settings.ext_max_sleep, settings.slab_automove_freeratio);
    verify_default("ext_item_age", settings.ext_item_age == UINT_MAX);
#endif
#ifdef PROXY
    printf("   - proxy_config:        path to lua library file. separate with ':' for multiple files\n");
    printf("   - proxy_arg:           string to pass to lua library\n");
#endif
    ssl_help();
    printf("-N, --napi_ids            number of napi ids. see doc/napi_ids.txt for more details\n");

    printf("\nStandalone application options:\n");
    printf("-K, --key-max=<num>       maximum number of keys in loading phase (default: %ld)\n", key_max);
    printf("-O, --n-running-ops=<num> number of running phase operations (default: %ld)\n", n_running_phase_ops);
    printf("-T, --record-stage=<num> Stage to record data (default: %d)\n", record_stage);
    printf("-w, --running-insertion-ratio=<num> ratio of running insertions in running phase\n"
           "                          (default: %d%%)\n", running_insertion_ratio);

    return;
}

static void usage_license(void) {
    printf(PACKAGE " " VERSION "\n\n");
    printf(
    "Copyright (c) 2003, Danga Interactive, Inc. <http://www.danga.com/>\n"
    "All rights reserved.\n"
    "\n"
    "Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n"
    "modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are\n"
    "met:\n"
    "\n"
    "    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n"
    "notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\n"
    "\n"
    "    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n"
    "copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer\n"
    "in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the\n"
    "distribution.\n"
    "\n"
    "    * Neither the name of the Danga Interactive nor the names of its\n"
    "contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n"
    "this software without specific prior written permission.\n"
    "\n"
    "THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n"
    "\"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n"
    "LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n"
    "A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\n"
    "OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n"
    "SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n"
    "LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n"
    "DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\n"
    "THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n"
    "(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n"
    "OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.\n"
    );

    return;
}

static void save_pid(const char *pid_file) {
    FILE *fp;
    if (access(pid_file, F_OK) == 0) {
        if ((fp = fopen(pid_file, "r")) != NULL) {
            char buffer[1024];
            if (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), fp) != NULL) {
                unsigned int pid;
                if (safe_strtoul(buffer, &pid) && kill((pid_t)pid, 0) == 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: The pid file contained the following (running) pid: %u\n", pid);
                }
            }
            fclose(fp);
        }
    }

    /* Create the pid file first with a temporary name, then
     * atomically move the file to the real name to avoid a race with
     * another process opening the file to read the pid, but finding
     * it empty.
     */
    char tmp_pid_file[1024];
    snprintf(tmp_pid_file, sizeof(tmp_pid_file), "%s.tmp", pid_file);

    if ((fp = fopen(tmp_pid_file, "w")) == NULL) {
        vperror("Could not open the pid file %s for writing", tmp_pid_file);
        return;
    }

    fprintf(fp,"%ld\n", (long)getpid());
    if (fclose(fp) == -1) {
        vperror("Could not close the pid file %s", tmp_pid_file);
    }

    if (rename(tmp_pid_file, pid_file) != 0) {
        vperror("Could not rename the pid file from %s to %s",
                tmp_pid_file, pid_file);
    }
}

static void remove_pidfile(const char *pid_file) {
  if (pid_file == NULL)
      return;

  if (unlink(pid_file) != 0) {
      vperror("Could not remove the pid file %s", pid_file);
  }

}

static void sig_handler(const int sig) {
    stop_main_loop = EXIT_NORMALLY;
}

static void sighup_handler(const int sig) {
    settings.sig_hup = true;
}

static void sig_usrhandler(const int sig) {
    stop_main_loop = GRACE_STOP;
}

/*
 * On systems that supports multiple page sizes we may reduce the
 * number of TLB-misses by using the biggest available page size
 */
static int enable_large_pages(void) {
#if defined(HAVE_GETPAGESIZES) && defined(HAVE_MEMCNTL)
    int ret = -1;
    size_t sizes[32];
    int avail = getpagesizes(sizes, 32);
    if (avail != -1) {
        size_t max = sizes[0];
        struct memcntl_mha arg = {0};
        int ii;

        for (ii = 1; ii < avail; ++ii) {
            if (max < sizes[ii]) {
                max = sizes[ii];
            }
        }

        arg.mha_flags   = 0;
        arg.mha_pagesize = max;
        arg.mha_cmd = MHA_MAPSIZE_BSSBRK;

        if (memcntl(0, 0, MC_HAT_ADVISE, (caddr_t)&arg, 0, 0) == -1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set large pages: %s\n",
                    strerror(errno));
            fprintf(stderr, "Will use default page size\n");
        } else {
            ret = 0;
        }
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get supported pagesizes: %s\n",
                strerror(errno));
        fprintf(stderr, "Will use default page size\n");
    }

    return ret;
#elif defined(__linux__) && defined(MADV_HUGEPAGE)
    /* check if transparent hugepages is compiled into the kernel */
    /* RH based systems possibly uses a different path */
    static const char *mm_thp_paths[] = {
        "/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled",
        "/sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled",
        NULL
    };

    char thpb[128] = {0};
    int pfd = -1;
    for (const char **p = mm_thp_paths; *p; p++) {
        if ((pfd = open(*p, O_RDONLY)) != -1)
            break;
    }

    if (pfd == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Transparent huge pages support not detected.\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "Will use default page size.\n");
        return -1;
    }
    ssize_t rd = read(pfd, thpb, sizeof(thpb));
    close(pfd);
    if (rd <= 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Transparent huge pages could not read the configuration.\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "Will use default page size.\n");
        return -1;
    }
    thpb[rd] = 0;
    if (strstr(thpb, "[never]")) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Transparent huge pages support disabled.\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "Will use default page size.\n");
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
    int spages;
    size_t spagesl = sizeof(spages);

    if (sysctlbyname("vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled", &spages,
    &spagesl, NULL, 0) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not evaluate the presence of superpages features.");
        return -1;
    }
    if (spages != 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Superpages support not detected.\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "Will use default page size.\n");
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
#else
    return -1;
#endif
}

/**
 * Do basic sanity check of the runtime environment
 * @return true if no errors found, false if we can't use this env
 */
static bool sanitycheck(void) {
    /* One of our biggest problems is old and bogus libevents */
    const char *ever = event_get_version();
    if (ever != NULL) {
        if (strncmp(ever, "1.", 2) == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "You are using libevent %s.\nPlease upgrade to 2.x"
                        " or newer\n", event_get_version());
            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static bool _parse_slab_sizes(char *s, uint32_t *slab_sizes) {
    char *b = NULL;
    uint32_t size = 0;
    int i = 0;
    uint32_t last_size = 0;

    if (strlen(s) < 1)
        return false;

    for (char *p = strtok_r(s, "-", &b);
         p != NULL;
         p = strtok_r(NULL, "-", &b)) {
        if (!safe_strtoul(p, &size) || size < settings.chunk_size
             || size > settings.slab_chunk_size_max) {
            fprintf(stderr, "slab size %u is out of valid range\n", size);
            return false;
        }
        if (last_size >= size) {
            fprintf(stderr, "slab size %u cannot be lower than or equal to a previous class size\n", size);
            return false;
        }
        if (size <= last_size + CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES) {
            fprintf(stderr, "slab size %u must be at least %d bytes larger than previous class\n",
                    size, CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES);
            return false;
        }
        slab_sizes[i++] = size;
        last_size = size;
        if (i >= MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES-1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "too many slab classes specified\n");
            return false;
        }
    }

    slab_sizes[i] = 0;
    return true;
}

struct _mc_meta_data {
    void *mmap_base;
    uint64_t old_base;
    char *slab_config; // string containing either factor or custom slab list.
    int64_t time_delta;
    uint64_t process_started;
    uint32_t current_time;
};

// We need to remember a combination of configuration settings and global
// state for restart viability and resumption of internal services.
// Compared to the number of tunables and state values, relatively little
// does need to be remembered.
// Time is the hardest; we have to assume the sys clock is correct and re-sync for
// the lost time after restart.
static int _mc_meta_save_cb(const char *tag, void *ctx, void *data) {
    struct _mc_meta_data *meta = (struct _mc_meta_data *)data;

    // Settings to remember.
    // TODO: should get a version of version which is numeric, else
    // comparisons for compat reasons are difficult.
    // it may be possible to punt on this for now; since we can test for the
    // absence of another key... such as the new numeric version.
    //restart_set_kv(ctx, "version", "%s", VERSION);
    // We hold the original factor or subopts _string_
    // it can be directly compared without roundtripping through floats or
    // serializing/deserializing the long options list.
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "slab_config", "%s", meta->slab_config);
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "maxbytes", "%llu", (unsigned long long) settings.maxbytes);
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "chunk_size", "%d", settings.chunk_size);
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "item_size_max", "%d", settings.item_size_max);
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "slab_chunk_size_max", "%d", settings.slab_chunk_size_max);
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "slab_page_size", "%d", settings.slab_page_size);
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "use_cas", "%s", settings.use_cas ? "true" : "false");
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "slab_reassign", "%s", settings.slab_reassign ? "true" : "false");

    // Online state to remember.

    // current time is tough. we need to rely on the clock being correct to
    // pull the delta between stop and start times. we also need to know the
    // delta between start time and now to restore monotonic clocks.
    // for non-monotonic clocks (some OS?), process_started is the only
    // important one.
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "current_time", "%u", current_time);
    // types are great until... this. some systems time_t could be big, but
    // I'm assuming never negative.
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "process_started", "%llu", (unsigned long long) process_started);
    {
        struct timeval tv;
        gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
        restart_set_kv(ctx, "stop_time", "%lu", tv.tv_sec);
    }

    // Might as well just fetch the next CAS value to use than tightly
    // coupling the internal variable into the restart system.
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "current_cas", "%llu", (unsigned long long) get_cas_id());
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "logger_gid", "%llu", logger_get_gid());
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "hashpower", "%u", stats_state.hash_power_level);
    // NOTE: oldest_live is a rel_time_t, which aliases for unsigned int.
    // should future proof this with a 64bit upcast, or fetch value from a
    // converter function/macro?
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "oldest_live", "%u", settings.oldest_live);
    // TODO: use uintptr_t etc? is it portable enough?
    restart_set_kv(ctx, "mmap_oldbase", "%p", meta->mmap_base);

    return 0;
}

// We must see at least this number of checked lines. Else empty/missing lines
// could cause a false-positive.
// TODO: Once crc32'ing of the metadata file is done this could be ensured better by
// the restart module itself (crc32 + count of lines must match on the
// backend)
#define RESTART_REQUIRED_META 16

// With this callback we make a decision on if the current configuration
// matches up enough to allow reusing the cache.
// We also re-load important runtime information.
static int _mc_meta_load_cb(const char *tag, void *ctx, void *data) {
    struct _mc_meta_data *meta = (struct _mc_meta_data *)data;
    char *key;
    char *val;
    int reuse_mmap = 0;
    meta->process_started = 0;
    meta->time_delta = 0;
    meta->current_time = 0;
    int lines_seen = 0;

    // TODO: not sure this is any better than just doing an if/else tree with
    // strcmp's...
    enum {
        R_MMAP_OLDBASE = 0,
        R_MAXBYTES,
        R_CHUNK_SIZE,
        R_ITEM_SIZE_MAX,
        R_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE_MAX,
        R_SLAB_PAGE_SIZE,
        R_SLAB_CONFIG,
        R_USE_CAS,
        R_SLAB_REASSIGN,
        R_CURRENT_CAS,
        R_OLDEST_LIVE,
        R_LOGGER_GID,
        R_CURRENT_TIME,
        R_STOP_TIME,
        R_PROCESS_STARTED,
        R_HASHPOWER,
    };

    const char *opts[] = {
        [R_MMAP_OLDBASE] = "mmap_oldbase",
        [R_MAXBYTES] = "maxbytes",
        [R_CHUNK_SIZE] = "chunk_size",
        [R_ITEM_SIZE_MAX] = "item_size_max",
        [R_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE_MAX] = "slab_chunk_size_max",
        [R_SLAB_PAGE_SIZE] = "slab_page_size",
        [R_SLAB_CONFIG] = "slab_config",
        [R_USE_CAS] = "use_cas",
        [R_SLAB_REASSIGN] = "slab_reassign",
        [R_CURRENT_CAS] = "current_cas",
        [R_OLDEST_LIVE] = "oldest_live",
        [R_LOGGER_GID] = "logger_gid",
        [R_CURRENT_TIME] = "current_time",
        [R_STOP_TIME] = "stop_time",
        [R_PROCESS_STARTED] = "process_started",
        [R_HASHPOWER] = "hashpower",
        NULL
    };

    while (restart_get_kv(ctx, &key, &val) == RESTART_OK) {
        int type = 0;
        int32_t val_int = 0;
        uint32_t val_uint = 0;
        int64_t bigval_int = 0;
        uint64_t bigval_uint = 0;

        while (opts[type] != NULL && strcmp(key, opts[type]) != 0) {
            type++;
        }
        if (opts[type] == NULL) {
            fprintf(stderr, "[restart] unknown/unhandled key: %s\n", key);
            continue;
        }
        lines_seen++;

        // helper for any boolean checkers.
        bool val_bool = false;
        bool is_bool = true;
        if (strcmp(val, "false") == 0) {
            val_bool = false;
        } else if (strcmp(val, "true") == 0) {
            val_bool = true;
        } else {
            is_bool = false;
        }

        switch (type) {
        case R_MMAP_OLDBASE:
            if (!safe_strtoull_hex(val, &meta->old_base)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "[restart] failed to parse %s: %s\n", key, val);
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_MAXBYTES:
            if (!safe_strtoll(val, &bigval_int) || settings.maxbytes != bigval_int) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_CHUNK_SIZE:
            if (!safe_strtol(val, &val_int) || settings.chunk_size != val_int) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_ITEM_SIZE_MAX:
            if (!safe_strtol(val, &val_int) || settings.item_size_max != val_int) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE_MAX:
            if (!safe_strtol(val, &val_int) || settings.slab_chunk_size_max != val_int) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_SLAB_PAGE_SIZE:
            if (!safe_strtol(val, &val_int) || settings.slab_page_size != val_int) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_SLAB_CONFIG:
            if (strcmp(val, meta->slab_config) != 0) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_USE_CAS:
            if (!is_bool || settings.use_cas != val_bool) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_SLAB_REASSIGN:
            if (!is_bool || settings.slab_reassign != val_bool) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            }
            break;
        case R_CURRENT_CAS:
            // FIXME: do we need to fail if these values _aren't_ found?
            if (!safe_strtoull(val, &bigval_uint)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                set_cas_id(bigval_uint);
            }
            break;
        case R_OLDEST_LIVE:
            if (!safe_strtoul(val, &val_uint)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                settings.oldest_live = val_uint;
            }
            break;
        case R_LOGGER_GID:
            if (!safe_strtoull(val, &bigval_uint)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                logger_set_gid(bigval_uint);
            }
            break;
        case R_PROCESS_STARTED:
            if (!safe_strtoull(val, &bigval_uint)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                meta->process_started = bigval_uint;
            }
            break;
        case R_CURRENT_TIME:
            if (!safe_strtoul(val, &val_uint)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                meta->current_time = val_uint;
            }
            break;
        case R_STOP_TIME:
            if (!safe_strtoll(val, &bigval_int)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                struct timeval t;
                gettimeofday(&t, NULL);
                meta->time_delta = t.tv_sec - bigval_int;
                // clock has done something crazy.
                // there are _lots_ of ways the clock can go wrong here, but
                // this is a safe sanity check since there's nothing else we
                // can realistically do.
                if (meta->time_delta <= 0) {
                    reuse_mmap = -1;
                }
            }
            break;
        case R_HASHPOWER:
            if (!safe_strtoul(val, &val_uint)) {
                reuse_mmap = -1;
            } else {
                settings.hashpower_init = val_uint;
            }
            break;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "[restart] unhandled key: %s\n", key);
        }

        if (reuse_mmap != 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "[restart] restart incompatible due to setting for [%s] [old value: %s]\n", key, val);
            break;
        }
    }

    if (lines_seen < RESTART_REQUIRED_META) {
        fprintf(stderr, "[restart] missing some metadata lines\n");
        reuse_mmap = -1;
    }

    return reuse_mmap;
}

/* 1 << 23, 1225MB; target 64G */
/* 1 << 29, 1225 * 64 */
#define KEY_MAX_LEN  128
#define BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE (1024)
#define VALUE_ID_LENGTH 18

static enum store_item_type insert_key_at_index(size_t i) {
    int nbytes = 0;
    uint64_t cas = 0;
    enum store_item_type ret = NOT_STORED;

    char key[KEY_MAX_LEN + 1];
    char val[BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE + 1];

    snprintf(key, KEY_MAX_LEN, "my-key-0x%016lx", i);
    memset(val, 'a', BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE - VALUE_ID_LENGTH);
    snprintf(&val[BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE - VALUE_ID_LENGTH], VALUE_ID_LENGTH + 1, "0x%016lx", i);

    // Allocate memory for the item and insert into cache
    item *it = item_alloc(key, strlen(key), 0, 0, strlen(val) + 1);
    if (it != NULL) {
        memcpy(ITEM_data(it), val, strlen(val) + 1); // Copy value into the item
        ret = store_item(it, NREAD_SET, select_standalone_thread(), &nbytes,
                         &cas, 0, 0); // Store the item in the cache

        if (settings.verbose >= 1 && ret == STORED) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Key: %s, Value: %s inserted\n", key, val);  // Print key-value pair
        }

        if (ret != STORED) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Key: %s, Value: %s not inserted ret=%d\n", key,
                    val, ret); // Print error if not inserted
        }
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Key: %s, Value: %s allocation failed\n", key, val);
    }

    return ret;
}

static int get_fifo_fd(const char * fifo_name, int flags) {
    int fd = open(fifo_name, flags);
    if (fd == -1) {
        perror("open");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    return fd;
}

static void enable_perf()
{
    char ack[5];
    
    #define SYS_show_pgtable 600
    long res = syscall(SYS_show_pgtable);
    printf("System call returned %ld\n", res);

    if (perf_ctl_fd != -1) {
        ssize_t bytes_written = write(perf_ctl_fd, "enable\n", 8);
        if (bytes_written != 8) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to write 8 bytes to perf_ctl_fd\n");
            // You can add additional error handling here if necessary
        }
        assert(bytes_written == 8);
    }

    if (perf_ack_fd != -1) {
        ssize_t bytes_read = read(perf_ack_fd, ack, 5);
        if (bytes_read != 5) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to write 5 bytes to perf_ack_fd\n");
            // You can add additional error handling here if necessary
        }
        assert(bytes_read == 5 && strcmp(ack, "ack\n") == 0);
    }

    __asm__ volatile ("xchgq %r10, %r10");
}

static void disable_perf()
{
    char ack[5];
    __asm__ volatile ("xchgq %r11, %r11");

    #define SYS_show_pgtable 600
    long res = syscall(SYS_show_pgtable);
    printf("System call returned %ld\n", res);
    
    if (perf_ctl_fd != -1) {
        ssize_t bytes_written = write(perf_ctl_fd, "disable\n", 9);
        if (bytes_written != 8) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to write 8 bytes to perf_ctl_fd\n");
            // You can add additional error handling here if necessary
        }
        assert(bytes_written == 9);
    }

    if (perf_ack_fd != -1) {
        ssize_t bytes_read = read(perf_ack_fd, ack, 5);
        if (bytes_read != 5) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to write 5 bytes to perf_ack_fd\n");
            // You can add additional error handling here if necessary
        }
        assert(bytes_read == 5 && strcmp(ack, "ack\n") == 0);
    }
}

#define TRY_ENABLE_PERF_LOADING()   \
    do {                            \
        if (record_stage == RECORD_LOADING) { \
            enable_perf();           \
        }                            \
    } while (0)

#define TRY_ENABLE_PERF_LOADING_END()   \
do {                            \
    if (record_stage == RECORD_LOADING_END) { \
        enable_perf();           \
    }                            \
} while (0)

#define TRY_DISABLE_PERF_LOADING()  \
    do {                            \
        if (record_stage == RECORD_LOADING || record_stage == RECORD_LOADING_END) { \
            disable_perf();          \
        }                            \
    } while (0)

#define TRY_ENABLE_PERF_RUNNING()   \
    do {                            \
        if (record_stage == RECORD_RUNNING) { \
            enable_perf();           \
        }                            \
    } while (0)

#define TRY_DISABLE_PERF_RUNNING()  \
    do {                            \
        if (record_stage == RECORD_RUNNING) { \
            disable_perf();          \
        }                            \
    } while (0)


static void loading_phase() {
    printf("key_max=%lu BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE=%d\n", key_max, BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE);
    fflush(stdout);

    struct timeval loading_tstart, loading_tend;
    gettimeofday(&loading_tstart, NULL);

    TRY_ENABLE_PERF_LOADING();

    /* Note: the reason for having the for loops duplicated like this is to avoid 
    having extra instructions that aren't related to the loading phase included in the
    measurement by repeatively calling try_enable_perf... */
    for (size_t i = 0; i < (19 * (key_max/20)); i++) {
        // char key[KEY_MAX_LEN + 1];
        // char val[BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE+1];

        if ((i % (1000000)) == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Key %lu M / %lu M\n", i / 1000000, key_max / 1000000);
        }

        insert_key_at_index(i);
    }
    TRY_ENABLE_PERF_LOADING_END(); 
    for (size_t i = (19 * (key_max/20)); i < key_max; i++) {
        // char key[KEY_MAX_LEN + 1];
        // char val[BENCHMARK_VALUE_SIZE+1];

        if ((i % (1000000)) == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Key %lu M / %lu M\n", i / 1000000, key_max / 1000000);
        }

        insert_key_at_index(i);
    }

    TRY_DISABLE_PERF_LOADING();
    gettimeofday(&loading_tend, NULL);

    int64_t elapsed = (loading_tend.tv_sec - loading_tstart.tv_sec) * 1000000 + loading_tend.tv_usec - loading_tstart.tv_usec;

    printf("Loading phase took: %zu.%03zu seconds\n", elapsed / 1000000, (elapsed % 1000000) / 1000);
    printf("Loading average latency %.03f us throughput %.03f ops/sec\n", 
        (double)elapsed / key_max, key_max / ((double)elapsed / 1000000));
    printf("Key insertion done\n");
    fflush(stdout);

}


static bool do_insert(int insertion_ratio) {
    return (rand() % 100) < insertion_ratio;
}

/**
 * @insertion_ratio: integer between 0 and 100
 */
#define MAX_LATENCY 1000000 // Maximum latency expected in nanoseconds (1ms)
#define BUCKET_SIZE 1 // Bucket size in nano
#define N_BUCKET (MAX_LATENCY / BUCKET_SIZE)

int64_t read_latencies[N_BUCKET];
int64_t update_latencies[N_BUCKET];
int64_t total_latencies[N_BUCKET];

static int64_t get_elapsed_time(struct timespec *start, struct timespec *end) {
    return (end->tv_sec - start->tv_sec) * 1000000000 + (end->tv_nsec - start->tv_nsec);
}

static void fill_bucket(int64_t elaspsed_time, int64_t * buckets)
{
    size_t bucket_index = (elaspsed_time < MAX_LATENCY) ? (elaspsed_time / BUCKET_SIZE) : (N_BUCKET - 1);
    buckets[bucket_index]++;
}

static int64_t get_tail_latency(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops ,float percentile) {
    size_t i = 0;
    size_t total = 0;
    size_t tail = n_ops * percentile;
    printf("n_ops %lu, percentile=%f tail %lu\n", 
        n_ops, percentile, tail);
    while (i < N_BUCKET && total < tail) {
        total += buckets[i];
        i++;
    }
    return i * BUCKET_SIZE;
}

static int64_t get_p90(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    return get_tail_latency(buckets, n_ops, 0.90);
}

static int64_t get_p95(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    return get_tail_latency(buckets, n_ops, 0.95);
}

static int64_t get_p99(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    return get_tail_latency(buckets, n_ops, 0.99);
}

static int64_t get_p999(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    return get_tail_latency(buckets, n_ops, 0.999);
}

static int64_t get_p9999(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    return get_tail_latency(buckets, n_ops, 0.9999);
}

static int64_t get_total_time(int64_t * buckets) {
    int64_t total = 0;
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < N_BUCKET; i++) {
        total += buckets[i] * i * BUCKET_SIZE;
    }
    return total;
}
static double get_average(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    int64_t total = get_total_time(buckets);
    return (double) total / n_ops;
}

static double get_throughput(int64_t * buckets, uint64_t n_ops) {
    int64_t total = get_total_time(buckets);
    return ((double) n_ops / total) * 1000000000;
}



static void running_phase(int insertion_ratio) {

    memset(read_latencies, 0, sizeof(read_latencies));
    memset(update_latencies, 0, sizeof(update_latencies));
    memset(total_latencies, 0, sizeof(total_latencies));

    struct timespec update_each_tstart, update_each_tend;
    struct timespec read_each_tstart, read_each_tend;
    int64_t elapsed_update_each;


    srand(0xdeadbeef);
    printf("running phase starts! n_running_phase_ops=%ld insertion ratio=%d%%\n", 
        n_running_phase_ops,  insertion_ratio);
    fflush(stdout);
    
    struct timeval tstart, tend;
    struct timeval start_tmp, end_tmp;
    gettimeofday(&tstart, NULL);
    
    int64_t n_insert_times = 0;
    int64_t n_read_times = 0;

    int64_t total_insert_time = 0;
    int64_t total_read_time = 0;
    
    TRY_ENABLE_PERF_RUNNING();

    for (size_t k = 0; k < n_running_phase_ops; k++) {
        
        if ((k % (1000)) == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Key %lu k / %lu k\n", k / 1000, n_running_phase_ops / 1000);
        }

        bool do_insertion = do_insert(insertion_ratio);

        if (do_insertion) {
            // printf("inserting key_max=%lx\n", key_max);
            // fflush(stdout);
            gettimeofday(&start_tmp, NULL);

            clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &update_each_tstart);

            enum store_item_type ret = insert_key_at_index(key_max);
            if (ret == STORED) {
                key_max++;
            }

            clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &update_each_tend);
            elapsed_update_each = get_elapsed_time(&update_each_tstart, &update_each_tend);
            fill_bucket(elapsed_update_each, update_latencies);
            fill_bucket(elapsed_update_each, total_latencies);
            
            gettimeofday(&end_tmp, NULL);
            total_insert_time += (end_tmp.tv_sec - start_tmp.tv_sec) * 1000000 +
                                (end_tmp.tv_usec - start_tmp.tv_usec);
            n_insert_times++;

        } else {
            
            gettimeofday(&start_tmp, NULL);
            clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &read_each_tstart);
            /* read keys */
            size_t i = (size_t)rand() % (key_max);
            char key[KEY_MAX_LEN + 1];
            snprintf(key, KEY_MAX_LEN, "my-key-0x%016lx", i);

            // printf("retrieving key=%s\n", key);
            // fflush(stdout);


            // Retrieve the item from cache
            const size_t nkey = strlen(key);
            uint32_t hv = hash(key, nkey);       
            item *it = assoc_find(key, nkey, hv);

            if (settings.verbose >= 1 && it != NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Key: %s, Value: %s found\n", key, ITEM_data(it));  // Print key-value pair
            }

            if (it == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Key: %s not found\n", key);  // Print error if not found
            }
            
            clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &read_each_tend);
            int64_t elapsed_read_each = get_elapsed_time(&read_each_tstart, &read_each_tend);
            fill_bucket(elapsed_read_each, read_latencies);
            fill_bucket(elapsed_read_each, total_latencies);


            gettimeofday(&end_tmp, NULL);
            total_read_time += (end_tmp.tv_sec - start_tmp.tv_sec) * 1000000 +
                                (end_tmp.tv_usec - start_tmp.tv_usec);
            n_read_times++;
        }
        
    }
    
    TRY_DISABLE_PERF_RUNNING();


    gettimeofday(&tend, NULL);
    int64_t elapsed = (tend.tv_sec - tstart.tv_sec) * 1000000 + tend.tv_usec - tstart.tv_usec;
    printf("Running phase took: %zu.%03zu seconds\n", elapsed / 1000000, (elapsed % 1000000) / 1000);
    printf("Running phase average latency %.03f us, throughput %.03f ops/sec\n", 
        (double)elapsed / n_running_phase_ops, n_running_phase_ops / ((double)elapsed / 1000000));

    printf("[READ] %ld operations, average latency %.03f us, throughput %.03f ops/sec\n",
        n_read_times, (double)total_read_time / n_read_times, n_read_times / ((double)total_read_time / 1000000));

    printf("[UPDATE] %ld operations, average latency %.03f us, throughput %.03f ops/sec\n", 
        n_insert_times, (double)total_insert_time / n_insert_times, n_insert_times / ((double)total_insert_time / 1000000));

    printf("running phase finishes!\n");

    printf("~~~~~~~~~ precise latency ~~~~~~~~~\n");


    printf("[UPDATE] precise time: %ld ns\n", get_total_time(update_latencies));
    printf("[UPDATE] precise throughput: %.03f ops/sec\n", get_throughput(update_latencies, n_insert_times));
    printf("[UPDATE] precise average latency %.03f ns\n", get_average(update_latencies, n_insert_times));
    printf("[UPDATE] p90 %ld p95 %ld p99 %ld p999 %ld p9999 %ld ns\n",
        get_p90(update_latencies, n_insert_times),
        get_p95(update_latencies, n_insert_times),
        get_p99(update_latencies, n_insert_times),
        get_p999(update_latencies, n_insert_times),
        get_p9999(update_latencies, n_insert_times));

    printf("[READ] precise time: %ld ns\n", get_total_time(read_latencies));
    printf( "[READ] precise throughput: %.03f ops/sec\n", get_throughput(read_latencies, n_read_times));
    printf( "[READ] precise average latency %.03f ns\n", get_average(read_latencies, n_read_times));
    printf( "[READ] precise p90 %ld p95 %ld p99 %ld p999 %ld p9999 %ld ns\n",
        get_p90(read_latencies, n_read_times),
        get_p95(read_latencies, n_read_times),
        get_p99(read_latencies, n_read_times),
        get_p999(read_latencies, n_read_times),
        get_p9999(read_latencies, n_read_times));
    

    printf("Running phase precise time: %ld ns\n", get_total_time(total_latencies));
    printf("Running phase precise throughput: %.03f ops/sec\n", get_throughput(total_latencies, 2 * n_running_phase_ops));
    printf("Running phase precise average latency %.03f ns\n", get_average(total_latencies, 2 * n_running_phase_ops));
    printf("Running phase precise p90 %ld p95 %ld p99 %ld p999 %ld p9999 %ld ns\n",
        get_p90(total_latencies, n_running_phase_ops),
        get_p95(total_latencies, n_running_phase_ops),
        get_p99(total_latencies, n_running_phase_ops),
        get_p999(total_latencies, n_running_phase_ops),
        get_p9999(total_latencies, n_running_phase_ops));

    fflush(stdout);
}



int main (int argc, char **argv) {
    int c;
    bool lock_memory = false;
    bool do_daemonize = false;
    bool preallocate = false;
    int maxcore = 0;
    char *username = NULL;
    char *pid_file = NULL;
    struct passwd *pw;
    struct rlimit rlim;
    char *buf;
    char unit = '\0';
    int size_max = 0;
    int retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
    bool protocol_specified = false;
    bool tcp_specified = false;
    bool udp_specified = false;
    bool start_lru_maintainer = true;
    bool start_lru_crawler = true;
    bool start_assoc_maint = true;
    enum hashfunc_type hash_type = MURMUR3_HASH;
    uint32_t tocrawl;
    uint32_t slab_sizes[MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES];
    bool use_slab_sizes = false;
    char *slab_sizes_unparsed = NULL;
    bool slab_chunk_size_changed = false;
    // struct for restart code. Initialized up here so we can curry
    // important settings to save or validate.
    struct _mc_meta_data *meta = malloc(sizeof(struct _mc_meta_data));
    meta->slab_config = NULL;
    char *subopts, *subopts_orig;
    char *subopts_value;
    enum {
        MAXCONNS_FAST = 0,
        HASHPOWER_INIT,
        NO_HASHEXPAND,
        SLAB_REASSIGN,
        SLAB_AUTOMOVE,
        SLAB_AUTOMOVE_RATIO,
        SLAB_AUTOMOVE_WINDOW,
        TAIL_REPAIR_TIME,
        HASH_ALGORITHM,
        LRU_CRAWLER,
        LRU_CRAWLER_SLEEP,
        LRU_CRAWLER_TOCRAWL,
        LRU_MAINTAINER,
        HOT_LRU_PCT,
        WARM_LRU_PCT,
        HOT_MAX_FACTOR,
        WARM_MAX_FACTOR,
        TEMPORARY_TTL,
        IDLE_TIMEOUT,
        WATCHER_LOGBUF_SIZE,
        WORKER_LOGBUF_SIZE,
        SLAB_SIZES,
        SLAB_CHUNK_MAX,
        TRACK_SIZES,
        NO_INLINE_ASCII_RESP,
        MODERN,
        NO_MODERN,
        NO_CHUNKED_ITEMS,
        NO_SLAB_REASSIGN,
        NO_SLAB_AUTOMOVE,
        NO_MAXCONNS_FAST,
        INLINE_ASCII_RESP,
        NO_LRU_CRAWLER,
        NO_LRU_MAINTAINER,
        NO_DROP_PRIVILEGES,
        DROP_PRIVILEGES,
        RESP_OBJ_MEM_LIMIT,
        READ_BUF_MEM_LIMIT,
#ifdef TLS
        SSL_CERT,
        SSL_KEY,
        SSL_VERIFY_MODE,
        SSL_KEYFORM,
        SSL_CIPHERS,
        SSL_CA_CERT,
        SSL_WBUF_SIZE,
        SSL_SESSION_CACHE,
        SSL_KERNEL_TLS,
        SSL_MIN_VERSION,
#endif
#ifdef PROXY
        PROXY_CONFIG,
        PROXY_ARG,
        PROXY_URING,
        PROXY_MEMPROFILE,
#endif
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
        RELAXED_PRIVILEGES,
#endif
#ifdef SOCK_COOKIE_ID
        COOKIE_ID,
#endif
    };
    char *const subopts_tokens[] = {
        [MAXCONNS_FAST] = "maxconns_fast",
        [HASHPOWER_INIT] = "hashpower",
        [NO_HASHEXPAND] = "no_hashexpand",
        [SLAB_REASSIGN] = "slab_reassign",
        [SLAB_AUTOMOVE] = "slab_automove",
        [SLAB_AUTOMOVE_RATIO] = "slab_automove_ratio",
        [SLAB_AUTOMOVE_WINDOW] = "slab_automove_window",
        [TAIL_REPAIR_TIME] = "tail_repair_time",
        [HASH_ALGORITHM] = "hash_algorithm",
        [LRU_CRAWLER] = "lru_crawler",
        [LRU_CRAWLER_SLEEP] = "lru_crawler_sleep",
        [LRU_CRAWLER_TOCRAWL] = "lru_crawler_tocrawl",
        [LRU_MAINTAINER] = "lru_maintainer",
        [HOT_LRU_PCT] = "hot_lru_pct",
        [WARM_LRU_PCT] = "warm_lru_pct",
        [HOT_MAX_FACTOR] = "hot_max_factor",
        [WARM_MAX_FACTOR] = "warm_max_factor",
        [TEMPORARY_TTL] = "temporary_ttl",
        [IDLE_TIMEOUT] = "idle_timeout",
        [WATCHER_LOGBUF_SIZE] = "watcher_logbuf_size",
        [WORKER_LOGBUF_SIZE] = "worker_logbuf_size",
        [SLAB_SIZES] = "slab_sizes",
        [SLAB_CHUNK_MAX] = "slab_chunk_max",
        [TRACK_SIZES] = "track_sizes",
        [NO_INLINE_ASCII_RESP] = "no_inline_ascii_resp",
        [MODERN] = "modern",
        [NO_MODERN] = "no_modern",
        [NO_CHUNKED_ITEMS] = "no_chunked_items",
        [NO_SLAB_REASSIGN] = "no_slab_reassign",
        [NO_SLAB_AUTOMOVE] = "no_slab_automove",
        [NO_MAXCONNS_FAST] = "no_maxconns_fast",
        [INLINE_ASCII_RESP] = "inline_ascii_resp",
        [NO_LRU_CRAWLER] = "no_lru_crawler",
        [NO_LRU_MAINTAINER] = "no_lru_maintainer",
        [NO_DROP_PRIVILEGES] = "no_drop_privileges",
        [DROP_PRIVILEGES] = "drop_privileges",
        [RESP_OBJ_MEM_LIMIT] = "resp_obj_mem_limit",
        [READ_BUF_MEM_LIMIT] = "read_buf_mem_limit",
#ifdef TLS
        [SSL_CERT] = "ssl_chain_cert",
        [SSL_KEY] = "ssl_key",
        [SSL_VERIFY_MODE] = "ssl_verify_mode",
        [SSL_KEYFORM] = "ssl_keyformat",
        [SSL_CIPHERS] = "ssl_ciphers",
        [SSL_CA_CERT] = "ssl_ca_cert",
        [SSL_WBUF_SIZE] = "ssl_wbuf_size",
        [SSL_SESSION_CACHE] = "ssl_session_cache",
        [SSL_KERNEL_TLS] = "ssl_kernel_tls",
        [SSL_MIN_VERSION] = "ssl_min_version",
#endif
#ifdef PROXY
        [PROXY_CONFIG] = "proxy_config",
        [PROXY_ARG] = "proxy_arg",
        [PROXY_URING] = "proxy_uring",
        [PROXY_MEMPROFILE] = "proxy_memprofile",
#endif
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
        [RELAXED_PRIVILEGES] = "relaxed_privileges",
#endif
#ifdef SOCK_COOKIE_ID
        [COOKIE_ID] = "sock_cookie_id",
#endif
        NULL
    };

    if (!sanitycheck()) {
        free(meta);
        return EX_OSERR;
    }

    /* handle SIGINT, SIGTERM */
    signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
    signal(SIGTERM, sig_handler);
    signal(SIGHUP, sighup_handler);
    signal(SIGUSR1, sig_usrhandler);

    /* init settings */
    settings_init();
    verify_default("hash_algorithm", hash_type == MURMUR3_HASH);
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    void *storage = NULL;
    void *storage_cf = storage_init_config(&settings);
    bool storage_enabled = false;
    if (storage_cf == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate extstore config\n");
        return 1;
    }
#endif

    /* set stderr non-buffering (for running under, say, daemontools) */
    setbuf(stderr, NULL);

    char *shortopts =
          "a:"  /* access mask for unix socket */
          "A"   /* enable admin shutdown command */
          "Z"   /* enable SSL */
          "p:"  /* TCP port number to listen on */
          "s:"  /* unix socket path to listen on */
          "U:"  /* UDP port number to listen on */
          "m:"  /* max memory to use for items in megabytes */
          "M"   /* return error on memory exhausted */
          "c:"  /* max simultaneous connections */
          "k"   /* lock down all paged memory */
          "hiV" /* help, licence info, version */
          "r"   /* maximize core file limit */
          "v"   /* verbose */
          "d"   /* daemon mode */
          "l:"  /* interface to listen on */
          "u:"  /* user identity to run as */
          "P:"  /* save PID in file */
          "f:"  /* factor? */
          "n:"  /* minimum space allocated for key+value+flags */
          "t:"  /* threads */
          "D:"  /* prefix delimiter? */
          "L"   /* Large memory pages */
          "R:"  /* max requests per event */
          "C"   /* Disable use of CAS */
          "b:"  /* backlog queue limit */
          "B:"  /* Binding protocol */
          "I:"  /* Max item size */
          "S"   /* Sasl ON */
          "F"   /* Disable flush_all */
          "X"   /* Disable dump commands */
          "W"   /* Disable watch commands */
          "Y:"   /* Enable token auth */
          "e:"  /* mmap path for external item memory */
          "o:"  /* Extended generic options */
          "N:"  /* NAPI ID based thread selection */
          "K:"  /* max number of keys */
          "w:"  /* running insertion ratio */
          "O:"  /* number of running operations */
          "T:"  /* record stage (decides loading / running phase )*/
          ;

    /* process arguments */
#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
    const struct option longopts[] = {
        {"unix-mask", required_argument, 0, 'a'},
        {"enable-shutdown", no_argument, 0, 'A'},
        {"enable-ssl", no_argument, 0, 'Z'},
        {"port", required_argument, 0, 'p'},
        {"unix-socket", required_argument, 0, 's'},
        {"udp-port", required_argument, 0, 'U'},
        {"memory-limit", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
        {"disable-evictions", no_argument, 0, 'M'},
        {"conn-limit", required_argument, 0, 'c'},
        {"lock-memory", no_argument, 0, 'k'},
        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
        {"license", no_argument, 0, 'i'},
        {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
        {"enable-coredumps", no_argument, 0, 'r'},
        {"verbose", optional_argument, 0, 'v'},
        {"daemon", no_argument, 0, 'd'},
        {"listen", required_argument, 0, 'l'},
        {"user", required_argument, 0, 'u'},
        {"pidfile", required_argument, 0, 'P'},
        {"slab-growth-factor", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
        {"slab-min-size", required_argument, 0, 'n'},
        {"threads", required_argument, 0, 't'},
        {"enable-largepages", no_argument, 0, 'L'},
        {"max-reqs-per-event", required_argument, 0, 'R'},
        {"disable-cas", no_argument, 0, 'C'},
        {"listen-backlog", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
        {"protocol", required_argument, 0, 'B'},
        {"max-item-size", required_argument, 0, 'I'},
        {"enable-sasl", no_argument, 0, 'S'},
        {"disable-flush-all", no_argument, 0, 'F'},
        {"disable-dumping", no_argument, 0, 'X'},
        {"disable-watch", no_argument, 0, 'W'},
        {"auth-file", required_argument, 0, 'Y'},
        {"memory-file", required_argument, 0, 'e'},
        {"extended", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
        {"napi-ids", required_argument, 0, 'N'},
        {"key-max", required_argument, 0, 'K'},
        {"running-insertion-ratio", required_argument, 0, 'w'},
        {"n-running-ops", required_argument, 0, 'O'},
        {"record-stage", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
        {"perf-ctrl-fifo", required_argument, 0, 0},
        {"perf-ack-fifo", required_argument, 0, 0},
        {0, 0, 0, 0}
    };
    int optindex;
    while (-1 != (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, shortopts,
                    longopts, &optindex))) {
#else
    while (-1 != (c = getopt(argc, argv, shortopts))) {
#endif
        switch (c) {
        case 'A':
            /* enables "shutdown" command */
            settings.shutdown_command = true;
            break;
        case 'Z':
            /* enable secure communication*/
#ifdef TLS
            settings.ssl_enabled = true;
#else
            fprintf(stderr, "This server is not built with TLS support.\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
#endif
            break;
        case 'a':
#ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET
            /* access for unix domain socket, as octal mask (like chmod)*/
            settings.access= strtol(optarg,NULL,8);
#else
            fprintf(stderr, "This server is not built with unix socket support.\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
#endif /* #ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET */
            break;
        case 'U':
            settings.udpport = atoi(optarg);
            udp_specified = true;
            break;
        case 'p':
            settings.port = atoi(optarg);
            tcp_specified = true;
            break;
        case 's':
#ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET
            settings.socketpath = optarg;
#else
            fprintf(stderr, "This server is not built with unix socket support.\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
#endif /* #ifndef DISABLE_UNIX_SOCKET */
            break;
        case 'm':
            settings.maxbytes = ((size_t)atoi(optarg)) * 1024 * 1024;
            break;
        case 'M':
            settings.evict_to_free = 0;
            break;
        case 'c':
            settings.maxconns = atoi(optarg);
            if (settings.maxconns <= 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Maximum connections must be greater than 0\n");
                return 1;
            }
            break;
        case 'h':
            usage();
            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        case 'i':
            usage_license();
            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        case 'V':
            printf(PACKAGE " " VERSION "\n");
            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        case 'k':
            lock_memory = true;
            break;
        case 'v':
            settings.verbose++;
            break;
        case 'l':
            if (settings.inter != NULL) {
                if (strstr(settings.inter, optarg) != NULL) {
                    break;
                }
                size_t len = strlen(settings.inter) + strlen(optarg) + 2;
                char *p = malloc(len);
                if (p == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                snprintf(p, len, "%s,%s", settings.inter, optarg);
                free(settings.inter);
                settings.inter = p;
            } else {
                settings.inter= strdup(optarg);
            }
            break;
        case 'd':
            do_daemonize = true;
            break;
        case 'r':
            maxcore = 1;
            break;
        case 'R':
            settings.reqs_per_event = atoi(optarg);
            if (settings.reqs_per_event <= 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Number of requests per event must be greater than 0\n");
                return 1;
            }
            break;
        case 'u':
            username = optarg;
            break;
        case 'P':
            pid_file = optarg;
            break;
        case 'e':
            settings.memory_file = optarg;
            break;
        case 'f':
            settings.factor = atof(optarg);
            if (settings.factor <= 1.0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Factor must be greater than 1\n");
                return 1;
            }
            meta->slab_config = strdup(optarg);
            break;
        case 'n':
            settings.chunk_size = atoi(optarg);
            if (settings.chunk_size <= 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Chunk size must be greater than 0\n");
                return 1;
            }
            break;
        case 't':
            settings.num_threads = atoi(optarg);
            if (settings.num_threads <= 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Number of threads must be greater than 0\n");
                return 1;
            }
            /* There're other problems when you get above 64 threads.
             * In the future we should portably detect # of cores for the
             * default.
             */
            if (settings.num_threads > 64) {
                fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Setting a high number of worker"
                                "threads is not recommended.\n"
                                " Set this value to the number of cores in"
                                " your machine or less.\n");
            }
            break;
        case 'D':
            if (! optarg || ! optarg[0]) {
                fprintf(stderr, "No delimiter specified\n");
                return 1;
            }
            settings.prefix_delimiter = optarg[0];
            settings.detail_enabled = 1;
            break;
        case 'L' :
            if (enable_large_pages() == 0) {
                preallocate = true;
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "Cannot enable large pages on this system\n"
                    "(There is no support as of this version)\n");
                return 1;
            }
            break;
        case 'C' :
            settings.use_cas = false;
            break;
        case 'b' :
            settings.backlog = atoi(optarg);
            break;
        case 'B':
            protocol_specified = true;
            if (strcmp(optarg, "auto") == 0) {
                settings.binding_protocol = negotiating_prot;
            } else if (strcmp(optarg, "binary") == 0) {
                settings.binding_protocol = binary_prot;
            } else if (strcmp(optarg, "ascii") == 0) {
                settings.binding_protocol = ascii_prot;
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid value for binding protocol: %s\n"
                        " -- should be one of auto, binary, or ascii\n", optarg);
                exit(EX_USAGE);
            }
            break;
        case 'I':
            buf = strdup(optarg);
            unit = buf[strlen(buf)-1];
            if (unit == 'k' || unit == 'm' ||
                unit == 'K' || unit == 'M') {
                buf[strlen(buf)-1] = '\0';
                size_max = atoi(buf);
                if (unit == 'k' || unit == 'K')
                    size_max *= 1024;
                if (unit == 'm' || unit == 'M')
                    size_max *= 1024 * 1024;
                settings.item_size_max = size_max;
            } else {
                settings.item_size_max = atoi(buf);
            }
            free(buf);
            break;
        case 'S': /* set Sasl authentication to true. Default is false */
#ifndef ENABLE_SASL
            fprintf(stderr, "This server is not built with SASL support.\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
#endif
            settings.sasl = true;
            break;
       case 'F' :
            settings.flush_enabled = false;
            break;
       case 'X' :
            settings.dump_enabled = false;
            break;
       case 'W' :
            settings.watch_enabled = false;
            break;
       case 'Y' :
            // dupe the file path now just in case the options get mangled.
            settings.auth_file = strdup(optarg);
            break;
       case 'N':
            settings.num_napi_ids = atoi(optarg);
            if (settings.num_napi_ids <= 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Maximum number of NAPI IDs must be greater than 0\n");
                return 1;
            }
            break;
        case 'K':
            key_max = atoi(optarg);
            break;
        case 'w':
            running_insertion_ratio = atoi(optarg);
            break;
        case 'O':
            n_running_phase_ops = atoi(optarg);
            break;
        case 'T':
            record_stage = atoi(optarg);
            break; 
        case 0: // For long options with no short equivalent
            if (strcmp("perf-ctrl-fifo", longopts[optindex].name) == 0) {
                perf_ctl_fd = get_fifo_fd(optarg, O_WRONLY);
                printf("Long option --perf-ctrl-fifo with value %s, perf_ctl_fd=%d\n", 
                    optarg, perf_ctl_fd);
            }

            if (strcmp("perf-ack-fifo", longopts[optindex].name) == 0) {
                perf_ack_fd = get_fifo_fd(optarg, O_WRONLY);
                printf("Long option --perf-ack-fifo with value %s, perf_ack_fd=%d\n", optarg, perf_ack_fd);
            }

            break;
        case 'o': /* It's sub-opts time! */
            subopts_orig = subopts = strdup(optarg); /* getsubopt() changes the original args */

            while (*subopts != '\0') {
            // BSD getsubopt (at least) has undefined behavior on -1, so
            // if we want to retry the getsubopt call in submodules we
            // need an extra layer of string copies.
            char *subopts_temp_o = NULL;
            char *subopts_temp = subopts_temp_o = strdup(subopts);

            switch (getsubopt(&subopts, subopts_tokens, &subopts_value)) {
            case MAXCONNS_FAST:
                settings.maxconns_fast = true;
                break;
            case HASHPOWER_INIT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing numeric argument for hashpower\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.hashpower_init = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.hashpower_init < 12) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Initial hashtable multiplier of %d is too low\n",
                        settings.hashpower_init);
                    return 1;
                } else if (settings.hashpower_init > 32) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Initial hashtable multiplier of %d is too high\n"
                        "Choose a value based on \"STAT hash_power_level\" from a running instance\n",
                        settings.hashpower_init);
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case NO_HASHEXPAND:
                start_assoc_maint = false;
                break;
            case SLAB_REASSIGN:
                settings.slab_reassign = true;
                break;
            case SLAB_AUTOMOVE:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    settings.slab_automove = 1;
                    break;
                }
                settings.slab_automove = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.slab_automove < 0 || settings.slab_automove > 2) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "slab_automove must be between 0 and 2\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case SLAB_AUTOMOVE_RATIO:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing slab_automove_ratio argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.slab_automove_ratio = atof(subopts_value);
                if (settings.slab_automove_ratio <= 0 || settings.slab_automove_ratio > 1) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "slab_automove_ratio must be > 0 and < 1\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case SLAB_AUTOMOVE_WINDOW:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing slab_automove_window argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.slab_automove_window = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.slab_automove_window < 3) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "slab_automove_window must be > 2\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case TAIL_REPAIR_TIME:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing numeric argument for tail_repair_time\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.tail_repair_time = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.tail_repair_time < 10) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set tail_repair_time to less than 10 seconds\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case HASH_ALGORITHM:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing hash_algorithm argument\n");
                    return 1;
                };
                if (strcmp(subopts_value, "jenkins") == 0) {
                    hash_type = JENKINS_HASH;
                } else if (strcmp(subopts_value, "murmur3") == 0) {
                    hash_type = MURMUR3_HASH;
                } else if (strcmp(subopts_value, "xxh3") == 0) {
                    hash_type = XXH3_HASH;
                } else {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown hash_algorithm option (jenkins, murmur3, xxh3)\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case LRU_CRAWLER:
                start_lru_crawler = true;
                break;
            case LRU_CRAWLER_SLEEP:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing lru_crawler_sleep value\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.lru_crawler_sleep = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.lru_crawler_sleep > 1000000 || settings.lru_crawler_sleep < 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "LRU crawler sleep must be between 0 and 1 second\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case LRU_CRAWLER_TOCRAWL:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing lru_crawler_tocrawl value\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtoul(subopts_value, &tocrawl)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "lru_crawler_tocrawl takes a numeric 32bit value\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.lru_crawler_tocrawl = tocrawl;
                break;
            case LRU_MAINTAINER:
                start_lru_maintainer = true;
                settings.lru_segmented = true;
                break;
            case HOT_LRU_PCT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing hot_lru_pct argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.hot_lru_pct = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.hot_lru_pct < 1 || settings.hot_lru_pct >= 80) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "hot_lru_pct must be > 1 and < 80\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case WARM_LRU_PCT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing warm_lru_pct argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.warm_lru_pct = atoi(subopts_value);
                if (settings.warm_lru_pct < 1 || settings.warm_lru_pct >= 80) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "warm_lru_pct must be > 1 and < 80\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case HOT_MAX_FACTOR:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing hot_max_factor argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.hot_max_factor = atof(subopts_value);
                if (settings.hot_max_factor <= 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "hot_max_factor must be > 0\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case WARM_MAX_FACTOR:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing warm_max_factor argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.warm_max_factor = atof(subopts_value);
                if (settings.warm_max_factor <= 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "warm_max_factor must be > 0\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case TEMPORARY_TTL:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing temporary_ttl argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.temp_lru = true;
                settings.temporary_ttl = atoi(subopts_value);
                break;
            case IDLE_TIMEOUT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing numeric argument for idle_timeout\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.idle_timeout = atoi(subopts_value);
                break;
            case WATCHER_LOGBUF_SIZE:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing watcher_logbuf_size argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtoul(subopts_value, &settings.logger_watcher_buf_size)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to watcher_logbuf_size\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.logger_watcher_buf_size *= 1024; /* kilobytes */
                break;
            case WORKER_LOGBUF_SIZE:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing worker_logbuf_size argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtoul(subopts_value, &settings.logger_buf_size)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to worker_logbuf_size\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.logger_buf_size *= 1024; /* kilobytes */
            case SLAB_SIZES:
                slab_sizes_unparsed = strdup(subopts_value);
                break;
            case SLAB_CHUNK_MAX:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing slab_chunk_max argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtol(subopts_value, &settings.slab_chunk_size_max)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to slab_chunk_max\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (settings.slab_chunk_size_max <= 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "slab_chunk_max must be >= 0\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (settings.slab_chunk_size_max > (1 << 10)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "slab_chunk_max must be specified in kilobytes.\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.slab_chunk_size_max *= (1 << 10);
                slab_chunk_size_changed = true;
                break;
            case TRACK_SIZES:
                item_stats_sizes_init();
                break;
            case NO_INLINE_ASCII_RESP:
                break;
            case INLINE_ASCII_RESP:
                break;
            case NO_CHUNKED_ITEMS:
                settings.slab_chunk_size_max = settings.slab_page_size;
                break;
            case NO_SLAB_REASSIGN:
                settings.slab_reassign = false;
                break;
            case NO_SLAB_AUTOMOVE:
                settings.slab_automove = 0;
                break;
            case NO_MAXCONNS_FAST:
                settings.maxconns_fast = false;
                break;
            case NO_LRU_CRAWLER:
                settings.lru_crawler = false;
                start_lru_crawler = false;
                break;
            case NO_LRU_MAINTAINER:
                start_lru_maintainer = false;
                settings.lru_segmented = false;
                break;
#ifdef TLS
            case SSL_CERT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_chain_cert argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.ssl_chain_cert = strdup(subopts_value);
                break;
            case SSL_KEY:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_key argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.ssl_key = strdup(subopts_value);
                break;
            case SSL_VERIFY_MODE:
            {
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_verify_mode argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                int verify  = 0;
                if (!safe_strtol(subopts_value, &verify)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to ssl_verify_mode\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!ssl_set_verify_mode(verify)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid ssl_verify_mode. Use help to see valid options.\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            }
            case SSL_KEYFORM:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_keyformat argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtol(subopts_value, &settings.ssl_keyformat)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to ssl_keyformat\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            case SSL_CIPHERS:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_ciphers argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.ssl_ciphers = strdup(subopts_value);
                break;
            case SSL_CA_CERT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_ca_cert argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.ssl_ca_cert = strdup(subopts_value);
                break;
            case SSL_WBUF_SIZE:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_wbuf_size argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtoul(subopts_value, &settings.ssl_wbuf_size)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to ssl_wbuf_size\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.ssl_wbuf_size *= 1024; /* kilobytes */
                break;
            case SSL_SESSION_CACHE:
                settings.ssl_session_cache = true;
                break;
            case SSL_KERNEL_TLS:
                settings.ssl_kernel_tls = true;
                break;
            case SSL_MIN_VERSION: {
                int min_version;
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing ssl_min_version argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtol(subopts_value, &min_version)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to ssl_min_version\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!ssl_set_min_version(min_version)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid ssl_min_version. Use help to see valid options.\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
            case MODERN:
                /* currently no new defaults */
                break;
            case NO_MODERN:
                if (!slab_chunk_size_changed) {
                    settings.slab_chunk_size_max = settings.slab_page_size;
                }
                settings.slab_reassign = false;
                settings.slab_automove = 0;
                settings.maxconns_fast = false;
                settings.lru_segmented = false;
                hash_type = JENKINS_HASH;
                start_lru_crawler = false;
                start_lru_maintainer = false;
                break;
            case NO_DROP_PRIVILEGES:
                settings.drop_privileges = false;
                break;
            case DROP_PRIVILEGES:
                settings.drop_privileges = true;
                break;
            case RESP_OBJ_MEM_LIMIT:
                // TODO: Remove at some point in the future.
                fprintf(stderr, "DEPRECATED: resp_obj_mem_limit no longer used. See read_buf_mem_limit,\n");
                break;
            case READ_BUF_MEM_LIMIT:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing read_buf_mem_limit argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (!safe_strtoul(subopts_value, &settings.read_buf_mem_limit)) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "could not parse argument to read_buf_mem_limit\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.read_buf_mem_limit *= 1024 * 1024; /* megabytes */
                break;
#ifdef PROXY
            case PROXY_CONFIG:
                if (subopts_value == NULL) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Missing proxy_config file argument\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                if (protocol_specified) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot specify a protocol with proxy mode enabled\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                settings.proxy_startfile = strdup(subopts_value);
                settings.proxy_enabled = true;
                settings.binding_protocol = proxy_prot;
                protocol_specified = true;
                break;
            case PROXY_ARG:
                settings.proxy_startarg = strdup(subopts_value);
                break;
            case PROXY_URING:
                settings.proxy_uring = true;
                break;
            case PROXY_MEMPROFILE:
                settings.proxy_memprofile = true;
                break;
#endif
#ifdef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
            case RELAXED_PRIVILEGES:
                settings.relaxed_privileges = true;
                break;
#endif
#ifdef SOCK_COOKIE_ID
            case COOKIE_ID:
                (void)safe_strtoul(subopts_value, &settings.sock_cookie_id);
                break;
#endif
            default:
#ifdef EXTSTORE
                // TODO: differentiating response code.
                if (storage_read_config(storage_cf, &subopts_temp)) {
                    return 1;
                }
#else
                printf("Illegal suboption \"%s\"\n", subopts_temp);
                return 1;
#endif
            } // switch
            if (subopts_temp_o) {
                free(subopts_temp_o);
            }

            } // while
            free(subopts_orig);
            break;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "Illegal argument \"%c\"\n", c);
            return 1;
        }
    }

    if (settings.num_napi_ids > settings.num_threads) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Number of napi_ids(%d) cannot be greater than number of threads(%d)\n",
                settings.num_napi_ids, settings.num_threads);
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }

    if (settings.item_size_max < ITEM_SIZE_MAX_LOWER_LIMIT) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Item max size cannot be less than 1024 bytes.\n");
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }
    if (settings.item_size_max > (settings.maxbytes / 2)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set item size limit higher than 1/2 of memory max.\n");
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }
    if (settings.item_size_max > (ITEM_SIZE_MAX_UPPER_LIMIT)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set item size limit higher than a gigabyte.\n");
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }
    if (settings.item_size_max > 1024 * 1024) {
        if (!slab_chunk_size_changed) {
            // Ideal new default is 16k, but needs stitching.
            settings.slab_chunk_size_max = settings.slab_page_size / 2;
        }
    }

    if (settings.slab_chunk_size_max > settings.item_size_max) {
        fprintf(stderr, "slab_chunk_max (bytes: %d) cannot be larger than -I (item_size_max %d)\n",
                settings.slab_chunk_size_max, settings.item_size_max);
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }

    if (settings.item_size_max % settings.slab_chunk_size_max != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "-I (item_size_max: %d) must be evenly divisible by slab_chunk_max (bytes: %d)\n",
                settings.item_size_max, settings.slab_chunk_size_max);
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }

    if (settings.slab_page_size % settings.slab_chunk_size_max != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "slab_chunk_max (bytes: %d) must divide evenly into %d (slab_page_size)\n",
                settings.slab_chunk_size_max, settings.slab_page_size);
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    switch (storage_check_config(storage_cf)) {
        case 0:
            storage_enabled = true;
            break;
        case 1:
            exit(EX_USAGE);
            break;
    }
#endif
    // Reserve this for the new default. If factor size hasn't changed, use
    // new default.
    /*if (settings.slab_chunk_size_max == 16384 && settings.factor == 1.25) {
        settings.factor = 1.08;
    }*/

    if (slab_sizes_unparsed != NULL) {
        // want the unedited string for restart code.
        char *temp = strdup(slab_sizes_unparsed);
        if (_parse_slab_sizes(slab_sizes_unparsed, slab_sizes)) {
            use_slab_sizes = true;
            if (meta->slab_config) {
                free(meta->slab_config);
            }
            meta->slab_config = temp;
        } else {
            exit(EX_USAGE);
        }
    } else if (!meta->slab_config) {
        // using the default factor.
        meta->slab_config = "1.25";
    }

    if (settings.hot_lru_pct + settings.warm_lru_pct > 80) {
        fprintf(stderr, "hot_lru_pct + warm_lru_pct cannot be more than 80%% combined\n");
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }

    if (settings.temp_lru && !start_lru_maintainer) {
        fprintf(stderr, "temporary_ttl requires lru_maintainer to be enabled\n");
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }

    if (hash_init(hash_type) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize hash_algorithm!\n");
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }

    /*
     * Use one workerthread to serve each UDP port if the user specified
     * multiple ports
     */
    if (settings.inter != NULL && strchr(settings.inter, ',')) {
        settings.num_threads_per_udp = 1;
    } else {
        settings.num_threads_per_udp = settings.num_threads;
    }

    if (settings.sasl) {
        if (!protocol_specified) {
            settings.binding_protocol = binary_prot;
        } else {
            if (settings.binding_protocol != binary_prot) {
                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: You cannot allow the ASCII protocol while using SASL.\n");
                exit(EX_USAGE);
            }
        }

        if (settings.udpport) {
            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Cannot enable UDP while using binary SASL authentication.\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
        }
    }

    if (settings.auth_file) {
        if (!protocol_specified) {
            settings.binding_protocol = ascii_prot;
        } else {
            if (settings.binding_protocol != ascii_prot) {
                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: You cannot allow the BINARY protocol while using ascii authentication tokens.\n");
                exit(EX_USAGE);
            }
        }
    }

    if (udp_specified && settings.udpport != 0 && !tcp_specified) {
        settings.port = settings.udpport;
    }

    if (settings.port > 65535) {
        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Invalid port number %d.\n", settings.port);
        exit(EX_USAGE);
    }


    /*
     * Setup SSL if enabled
     */
    if (settings.ssl_enabled) {
        if (!settings.port) {
            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: You cannot enable SSL without a TCP port.\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
        }
        // Initiate the SSL context.
        ssl_init();
    }

    if (maxcore != 0) {
        struct rlimit rlim_new;
        /*
         * First try raising to infinity; if that fails, try bringing
         * the soft limit to the hard.
         */
        if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim) == 0) {
            rlim_new.rlim_cur = rlim_new.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
            if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim_new)!= 0) {
                /* failed. try raising just to the old max */
                rlim_new.rlim_cur = rlim_new.rlim_max = rlim.rlim_max;
                (void)setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim_new);
            }
        }
        /*
         * getrlimit again to see what we ended up with. Only fail if
         * the soft limit ends up 0, because then no core files will be
         * created at all.
         */

        if ((getrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim) != 0) || rlim.rlim_cur == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "failed to ensure corefile creation\n");
            exit(EX_OSERR);
        }
    }

    /*
     * If needed, increase rlimits to allow as many connections
     * as needed.
     */

    if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "failed to getrlimit number of files\n");
        exit(EX_OSERR);
    } else {
        rlim.rlim_cur = settings.maxconns;
        rlim.rlim_max = settings.maxconns;
        if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) != 0) {
#ifndef MEMCACHED_DEBUG
            fprintf(stderr, "failed to set rlimit for open files. Try starting as root or requesting smaller maxconns value.\n");
            exit(EX_OSERR);
#endif
        }
    }

    /* lose root privileges if we have them */
    if (getuid() == 0 || geteuid() == 0) {
        if (username == 0 || *username == '\0') {
            fprintf(stderr, "can't run as root without the -u switch\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
        }
        if ((pw = getpwnam(username)) == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "can't find the user %s to switch to\n", username);
            exit(EX_NOUSER);
        }
        if (setgroups(0, NULL) < 0) {
            /* setgroups may fail with EPERM, indicating we are already in a
             * minimally-privileged state. In that case we continue. For all
             * other failure codes we exit.
             *
             * Note that errno is stored here because fprintf may change it.
             */
            bool should_exit = errno != EPERM;
            fprintf(stderr, "failed to drop supplementary groups: %s\n",
                    strerror(errno));
            if (should_exit) {
                exit(EX_OSERR);
            }
        }
        if (setgid(pw->pw_gid) < 0 || setuid(pw->pw_uid) < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "failed to assume identity of user %s\n", username);
            exit(EX_OSERR);
        }
    }

    /* Initialize Sasl if -S was specified */
    if (settings.sasl) {
        init_sasl();
    }

    /* daemonize if requested */
    /* if we want to ensure our ability to dump core, don't chdir to / */
    if (do_daemonize) {
        if (daemonize(maxcore, settings.verbose) == -1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "failed to daemon() in order to daemonize\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }

    /* lock paged memory if needed */
    if (lock_memory) {
#ifdef HAVE_MLOCKALL
        int res = mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE);
        if (res != 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "warning: -k invalid, mlockall() failed: %s\n",
                    strerror(errno));
        }
#else
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: -k invalid, mlockall() not supported on this platform.  proceeding without.\n");
#endif
    }

    /* initialize main thread libevent instance */
#if defined(LIBEVENT_VERSION_NUMBER) && LIBEVENT_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x02000101
    /* If libevent version is larger/equal to 2.0.2-alpha, use newer version */
    struct event_config *ev_config;
    ev_config = event_config_new();
    event_config_set_flag(ev_config, EVENT_BASE_FLAG_NOLOCK);
    main_base = event_base_new_with_config(ev_config);
    event_config_free(ev_config);
#else
    /* Otherwise, use older API */
    main_base = event_init();
#endif

    /* Load initial auth file if required */
    if (settings.auth_file) {
        if (settings.udpport) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Cannot use UDP with ascii authentication enabled (-U 0 to disable)\n");
            exit(EX_USAGE);
        }

        switch (authfile_load(settings.auth_file)) {
            case AUTHFILE_STATFAIL:
                vperror("Could not stat authfile [%s], error %s", settings.auth_file
                                                            , strerror(errno));
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                break;
            case AUTHFILE_OPENFAIL:
                vperror("Could not open authfile [%s] for reading, error %s", settings.auth_file
                                                                           , strerror(errno));
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                break;
            case AUTHFILE_OOM:
                fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory reading password file: %s", settings.auth_file);
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                break;
            case AUTHFILE_MALFORMED:
                fprintf(stderr, "Authfile [%s] has a malformed entry. Should be 'user:password'", settings.auth_file);
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                break;
            case AUTHFILE_OK:
                break;
        }
    }

    /* initialize other stuff */
    stats_init();
    logger_init();
    logger_create(); // main process logger
    conn_init();
    bool reuse_mem = false;
    void *mem_base = NULL;
    bool prefill = false;
    if (settings.memory_file != NULL) {
        preallocate = true;
        // Easier to manage memory if we prefill the global pool when reusing.
        prefill = true;
        restart_register("main", _mc_meta_load_cb, _mc_meta_save_cb, meta);
        reuse_mem = restart_mmap_open(settings.maxbytes,
                        settings.memory_file,
                        &mem_base);
        // The "save" callback gets called when we're closing out the mmap,
        // but we don't know what the mmap_base is until after we call open.
        // So we pass the struct above but have to fill it in here so the
        // data's available during the save routine.
        meta->mmap_base = mem_base;
        // Also, the callbacks for load() run before _open returns, so we
        // should have the old base in 'meta' as of here.
    }
    // Initialize the hash table _after_ checking restart metadata.
    // We override the hash table start argument with what was live
    // previously, to avoid filling a huge set of items into a tiny hash
    // table.
    assoc_init(settings.hashpower_init);
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    if (storage_enabled && reuse_mem) {
        fprintf(stderr, "[restart] memory restart with extstore not presently supported.\n");
        reuse_mem = false;
    }
#endif
    slabs_init(settings.maxbytes, settings.factor, preallocate,
            use_slab_sizes ? slab_sizes : NULL, mem_base, reuse_mem);
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    if (storage_enabled) {
        storage = storage_init(storage_cf);
        if (storage == NULL) {
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        ext_storage = storage;
        /* page mover algorithm for extstore needs memory prefilled */
        prefill = true;
    }
#endif

    if (settings.drop_privileges) {
        setup_privilege_violations_handler();
    }

    if (prefill)
        slabs_prefill_global();
    /* In restartable mode and we've decided to issue a fixup on memory */
    if (settings.memory_file != NULL && reuse_mem) {
        mc_ptr_t old_base = meta->old_base;
        assert(old_base == meta->old_base);

        // should've pulled in process_started from meta file.
        process_started = meta->process_started;
        // TODO: must be a more canonical way of serializing/deserializing
        // pointers? passing through uint64_t should work, and we're not
        // annotating the pointer with anything, but it's still slightly
        // insane.
        restart_fixup((void *)old_base);
    }
    /*
     * ignore SIGPIPE signals; we can use errno == EPIPE if we
     * need that information
     */
    if (signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN) == SIG_ERR) {
        perror("failed to ignore SIGPIPE; sigaction");
        exit(EX_OSERR);
    }
    /* start up worker threads if MT mode */
#ifdef PROXY
    if (settings.proxy_enabled) {
        settings.proxy_ctx = proxy_init(settings.proxy_uring, settings.proxy_memprofile);
    }
#endif
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    slabs_set_storage(storage);
    memcached_thread_init(settings.num_threads, storage);
    init_lru_crawler(storage);
#else
    memcached_thread_init(settings.num_threads, NULL);
    init_lru_crawler(NULL);
#endif

#ifdef PROXY
    if (settings.proxy_enabled) {
        if (proxy_first_confload(settings.proxy_ctx) != 0) {
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }
#endif

    if (start_assoc_maint && start_assoc_maintenance_thread() == -1) {
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (start_lru_crawler && start_item_crawler_thread() != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to enable LRU crawler thread\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
#ifdef EXTSTORE
    if (storage && start_storage_compact_thread(storage) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to start storage compaction thread\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (storage && start_storage_write_thread(storage) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to start storage writer thread\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if (start_lru_maintainer && start_lru_maintainer_thread(storage) != 0) {
#else
    if (start_lru_maintainer && start_lru_maintainer_thread(NULL) != 0) {
#endif
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to enable LRU maintainer thread\n");
        free(meta);
        return 1;
    }

    if (settings.slab_reassign &&
        start_slab_maintenance_thread() == -1) {
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if (settings.idle_timeout && start_conn_timeout_thread() == -1) {
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* initialise clock event */
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
    {
        struct timespec ts;
        if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) == 0) {
            monotonic = true;
            monotonic_start = ts.tv_sec;
            // Monotonic clock needs special handling for restarts.
            // We get a start time at an arbitrary place, so we need to
            // restore the original time delta, which is always "now" - _start
            if (reuse_mem) {
                // the running timespan at stop time + the time we think we
                // were stopped.
                monotonic_start -= meta->current_time + meta->time_delta;
            } else {
                monotonic_start -= ITEM_UPDATE_INTERVAL + 2;
            }
        }
    }
#endif
    clock_handler(0, 0, 0);

    /* create unix mode sockets after dropping privileges */
    if (settings.socketpath != NULL) {
        errno = 0;
        if (server_socket_unix(settings.socketpath,settings.access)) {
            vperror("failed to listen on UNIX socket: %s", settings.socketpath);
            exit(EX_OSERR);
        }
    }

    /* create the listening socket, bind it, and init */
    if (settings.socketpath == NULL) {
        const char *portnumber_filename = getenv("MEMCACHED_PORT_FILENAME");
        char *temp_portnumber_filename = NULL;
        size_t len;
        FILE *portnumber_file = NULL;

        if (portnumber_filename != NULL) {
            len = strlen(portnumber_filename)+4+1;
            temp_portnumber_filename = malloc(len);
            if (temp_portnumber_filename == NULL) {
                vperror("Failed to allocate memory for portnumber file");
                exit(EX_OSERR);
            }
            snprintf(temp_portnumber_filename,
                     len,
                     "%s.lck", portnumber_filename);

            portnumber_file = fopen(temp_portnumber_filename, "a");
            if (portnumber_file == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open \"%s\": %s\n",
                        temp_portnumber_filename, strerror(errno));
            }
        }

        errno = 0;
        if (settings.port && server_sockets(settings.port, tcp_transport,
                                           portnumber_file)) {
            if (settings.inter == NULL) {
                vperror("failed to listen on TCP port %d", settings.port);
            } else {
                vperror("failed to listen on one of interface(s) %s", settings.inter);
            }
            exit(EX_OSERR);
        }

        /*
         * initialization order: first create the listening sockets
         * (may need root on low ports), then drop root if needed,
         * then daemonize if needed, then init libevent (in some cases
         * descriptors created by libevent wouldn't survive forking).
         */

        /* create the UDP listening socket and bind it */
        errno = 0;
        if (settings.udpport && server_sockets(settings.udpport, udp_transport,
                                              portnumber_file)) {
            if (settings.inter == NULL) {
                vperror("failed to listen on UDP port %d", settings.udpport);
            } else {
                vperror("failed to listen on one of interface(s) %s", settings.inter);
            }
            exit(EX_OSERR);
        }

        if (portnumber_file) {
            fclose(portnumber_file);
            rename(temp_portnumber_filename, portnumber_filename);
        }
        if (temp_portnumber_filename)
            free(temp_portnumber_filename);
    }

    /* Give the sockets a moment to open. I know this is dumb, but the error
     * is only an advisory.
     */
    usleep(1000);
    if (stats_state.curr_conns + stats_state.reserved_fds >= settings.maxconns - 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Maxconns setting is too low, use -c to increase.\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if (pid_file != NULL) {
        save_pid(pid_file);
    }

    /* Drop privileges no longer needed */
    if (settings.drop_privileges) {
        drop_privileges();
    }

    /* Initialize the uriencode lookup table. */
    uriencode_init();

    printf("stop_main_loop=%d\n", stop_main_loop);
    
    loading_phase();

    running_phase(running_insertion_ratio);

    stop_main_loop = GRACE_STOP;
    goto BENCH_STOP;

    /* enter the event loop */
    while (!stop_main_loop) {
        if (event_base_loop(main_base, EVLOOP_ONCE) != 0) {
            retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
            break;
        }
    }

BENCH_STOP:

    switch (stop_main_loop) {
        case GRACE_STOP:
            fprintf(stderr, "Gracefully stopping\n");
        break;
        case EXIT_NORMALLY:
            // Don't need to print anything to STDERR for a normal shutdown except
            // if we want to.

            if (settings.verbose) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Exiting normally\n");
            }

        break;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "Exiting on error\n");
        break;
    }

    if (stop_main_loop == GRACE_STOP) {
        stop_threads();
        if (settings.memory_file != NULL) {
            restart_mmap_close();
        }
    }

    /* remove the PID file if we're a daemon */
    if (do_daemonize)
        remove_pidfile(pid_file);
    /* Clean up strdup() call for bind() address */
    if (settings.inter)
      free(settings.inter);

    /* cleanup base */
    event_base_free(main_base);

    free(meta);

    return retval;
}