raft is a Go library that manages a replicated log and can be used with an FSM to manage replicated state machines. It is a library for providing consensus.
The use cases for such a library are far-reaching, such as replicated state machines which are a key component of many distributed systems. They enable building Consistent, Partition Tolerant (CP) systems, with limited fault tolerance as well.
If you wish to build raft you'll need Go version 1.16+ installed.
Please check your installation with:
go version
For complete documentation, see the associated Godoc.
To prevent complications with cgo, the primary backend MDBStore is in a separate repository,
called raft-mdb. That is the recommended implementation
for the LogStore and StableStore.
A pure Go backend using Bbolt is also available called
raft-boltdb. It can also be used as a LogStore
and StableStore.
- Raft gRPC Example - Utilizing the Raft repository with gRPC
- Raft-based KV-store Example - Uses Hashicorp Raft to build a distributed key-value store
As of September 2017, HashiCorp will start using tags for this library to clearly indicate major version updates. We recommend you vendor your application's dependency on this library.
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v0.1.0 is the original stable version of the library that was in main and has been maintained with no breaking API changes. This was in use by Consul prior to version 0.7.0.
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v1.0.0 takes the changes that were staged in the library-v2-stage-one branch. This version manages server identities using a UUID, so introduces some breaking API changes. It also versions the Raft protocol, and requires some special steps when interoperating with Raft servers running older versions of the library (see the detailed comment in config.go about version compatibility). You can reference hashicorp/consul#2222 for an idea of what was required to port Consul to these new interfaces.
This version includes some new features as well, including non voting servers, a new address provider abstraction in the transport layer, and more resilient snapshots.
raft is based on "Raft: In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm"
A high level overview of the Raft protocol is described below, but for details please read the full Raft paper followed by the raft source. Any questions about the raft protocol should be sent to the raft-dev mailing list.
Raft nodes are always in one of three states: follower, candidate or leader. All nodes initially start out as a follower. In this state, nodes can accept log entries from a leader and cast votes. If no entries are received for some time, nodes self-promote to the candidate state. In the candidate state nodes request votes from their peers. If a candidate receives a quorum of votes, then it is promoted to a leader. The leader must accept new log entries and replicate to all the other followers. In addition, if stale reads are not acceptable, all queries must also be performed on the leader.
Once a cluster has a leader, it is able to accept new log entries. A client can request that a leader append a new log entry, which is an opaque binary blob to Raft. The leader then writes the entry to durable storage and attempts to replicate to a quorum of followers. Once the log entry is considered committed, it can be applied to a finite state machine. The finite state machine is application specific, and is implemented using an interface.
An obvious question relates to the unbounded nature of a replicated log. Raft provides a mechanism by which the current state is snapshotted, and the log is compacted. Because of the FSM abstraction, restoring the state of the FSM must result in the same state as a replay of old logs. This allows Raft to capture the FSM state at a point in time, and then remove all the logs that were used to reach that state. This is performed automatically without user intervention, and prevents unbounded disk usage as well as minimizing time spent replaying logs.
Lastly, there is the issue of updating the peer set when new servers are joining or existing servers are leaving. As long as a quorum of nodes is available, this is not an issue as Raft provides mechanisms to dynamically update the peer set. If a quorum of nodes is unavailable, then this becomes a very challenging issue. For example, suppose there are only 2 peers, A and B. The quorum size is also 2, meaning both nodes must agree to commit a log entry. If either A or B fails, it is now impossible to reach quorum. This means the cluster is unable to add, or remove a node, or commit any additional log entries. This results in unavailability. At this point, manual intervention would be required to remove either A or B, and to restart the remaining node in bootstrap mode.
A Raft cluster of 3 nodes can tolerate a single node failure, while a cluster of 5 can tolerate 2 node failures. The recommended configuration is to either run 3 or 5 raft servers. This maximizes availability without greatly sacrificing performance.
In terms of performance, Raft is comparable to Paxos. Assuming stable leadership, committing a log entry requires a single round trip to half of the cluster. Thus performance is bound by disk I/O and network latency.
This library can emit metrics using either github.com/armon/go-metrics or github.com/hashicorp/go-metrics. Choosing between the libraries is controlled via build tags.
Build Tags
armonmetrics- Using this tag will cause metrics to be routed toarmon/go-metricshashicorpmetrics- Using this tag will cause all metrics to be routed tohashicorp/go-metrics
If no build tag is specified, the default behavior is to use armon/go-metrics.
Deprecating armon/go-metrics
Emitting metrics to armon/go-metrics is officially deprecated. Usage of armon/go-metrics will remain the default until mid-2025 with opt-in support continuing to the end of 2025.
Migration
To migrate an application currently using the older armon/go-metrics to instead use hashicorp/go-metrics the following should be done.
- Upgrade libraries using
armon/go-metricsto consumehashicorp/go-metrics/compatinstead. This should involve only changing import statements. All repositories in thehashicorpnamespace - Update an applications library dependencies to those that have the compatibility layer configured.
- Update the application to use
hashicorp/go-metricsfor configuring metrics export instead ofarmon/go-metrics- Replace all application imports of
github.com/armon/go-metricswithgithub.com/hashicorp/go-metrics - Instrument your build system to build with the
hashicorpmetricstag.
- Replace all application imports of
Eventually once the default behavior changes to use hashicorp/go-metrics by default (mid-2025), you can drop the hashicorpmetrics build tag.
