[Code health] Perform cppcheck cleanup

.github/workflows/cppcheck.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+name: cppcheck
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ main ]
+
+jobs:
+  cppcheck:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: 'recursive'
+
+      - name: Set up dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt update -y
+          sudo apt install -y cppcheck
+
+      - name: Run cppcheck
+        run: |
+          cppcheck --version | tee cppcheck.log
+          cppcheck \
+            --force \
+            --enable=warning,performance,portability \
+            --inline-suppr \
+            --suppress=unknownMacro:exporters/etw/include/opentelemetry/exporters/etw/TraceLoggingDynamic.h \
+            --language=c++ \
+            --std=c++14 \
+            -I api/include \
+            -I exporters/elasticsearch/include \
+            -I exporters/etw/include \
+            -I exporters/memory/include \
+            -I exporters/ostream/include \
+            -I exporters/otlp/include \
+            -I exporters/prometheus/include \
+            -I exporters/zipkin/include \
+            -I ext/include \
+            -I opentracing-shim/include \
+            -I sdk/include \
+            -i build \
+            -i test \
+            -i third_party \
+            -j $(nproc) \
+            . 2>&1 | tee --append cppcheck.log
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: success() || failure()
+        with:
+          name: Logs (cppcheck)
+          path: ./cppcheck.log
+
+      - name: Count warnings
+        run: |
+          set +e
+          COUNT=`grep -c -E "\[.+\]" cppcheck.log`
+          echo "cppcheck reported ${COUNT} warning(s)"
+          # TODO: uncomment to enforce failing the build
+          # if [ $COUNT -ne 0 ] ; then exit 1 ; fi

api/include/opentelemetry/baggage/baggage_context.h

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ inline nostd::shared_ptr<Baggage> GetBaggage(const context::Context &context) no
 }
 
 inline context::Context SetBaggage(context::Context &context,
-                                   nostd::shared_ptr<Baggage> baggage) noexcept
+                                   const nostd::shared_ptr<Baggage> &baggage) noexcept
 {
   return context.SetValue(kBaggageHeader, baggage);
 }

api/include/opentelemetry/context/context.h

@@ -29,16 +29,14 @@ class Context
   // hold a shared_ptr to the head of the DataList linked list
   template <class T>
   Context(const T &keys_and_values) noexcept
-  {
-    head_ = nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{new DataList(keys_and_values)};
-  }
+      : head_{nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{new DataList(keys_and_values)}}
+  {}
 
   // Creates a context object from a key and value, this will
   // hold a shared_ptr to the head of the DataList linked list
   Context(nostd::string_view key, ContextValue value) noexcept
-  {
-    head_ = nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{new DataList(key, value)};
-  }
+      : head_{nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{new DataList(key, value)}}
+  {}
 
   // Accepts a new iterable and then returns a new context that
   // contains the new key and value data. It attaches the
@@ -92,22 +90,21 @@ class Context
 
 private:
   // A linked list to contain the keys and values of this context node
-  class DataList
+  struct DataList
   {
-  public:
-    char *key_;
+    char *key_ = nullptr;
 
     nostd::shared_ptr<DataList> next_;
 
-    size_t key_length_;
+    size_t key_length_ = 0UL;
 
     ContextValue value_;
 
-    DataList() { next_ = nullptr; }
+    DataList() : next_{nullptr} {}
 
     // Builds a data list off of a key and value iterable and returns the head
     template <class T>
-    DataList(const T &keys_and_vals) : key_{nullptr}, next_(nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{nullptr})
+    DataList(const T &keys_and_vals) : next_(nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{nullptr})
     {
       bool first = true;
       auto *node = this;
@@ -133,8 +130,17 @@ class Context
       key_        = new char[key.size()];
       key_length_ = key.size();
       memcpy(key_, key.data(), key.size() * sizeof(char));
-      value_ = value;
       next_  = nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{nullptr};
+      value_ = value;
+    }
+
+    DataList(const DataList &other)
+        : key_(new char[other.key_length_]),
+          key_length_(other.key_length_),
+          next_(other.next_),
+          value_(other.value_)
+    {
+      memcpy(key_, other.key_, other.key_length_ * sizeof(char));
     }
 
     DataList &operator=(DataList &&other) noexcept

api/include/opentelemetry/context/propagation/global_propagator.h

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT GlobalTextMapPropagator
     return nostd::shared_ptr<TextMapPropagator>(GetPropagator());
   }
 
-  static void SetGlobalPropagator(nostd::shared_ptr<TextMapPropagator> prop) noexcept
+  static void SetGlobalPropagator(const nostd::shared_ptr<TextMapPropagator> &prop) noexcept
   {
     std::lock_guard<common::SpinLockMutex> guard(GetLock());
     GetPropagator() = prop;

api/include/opentelemetry/context/runtime_context.h

@@ -152,7 +152,8 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT RuntimeContext
    *
    * @param storage a custom runtime context storage
    */
-  static void SetRuntimeContextStorage(nostd::shared_ptr<RuntimeContextStorage> storage) noexcept
+  static void SetRuntimeContextStorage(
+      const nostd::shared_ptr<RuntimeContextStorage> &storage) noexcept
   {
     GetStorage() = storage;
   }

api/include/opentelemetry/logs/event_id.h

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ namespace logs
 class EventId
 {
 public:
-  EventId(int64_t id, nostd::string_view name) noexcept : id_{id}
+  EventId(int64_t id, nostd::string_view name) noexcept
+      : id_{id}, name_{nostd::unique_ptr<char[]>{new char[name.length() + 1]}}
   {
-    name_ = nostd::unique_ptr<char[]>{new char[name.length() + 1]};
     std::copy(name.begin(), name.end(), name_.get());
     name_.get()[name.length()] = 0;
   }

api/include/opentelemetry/logs/provider.h

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT Provider
   /**
    * Changes the singleton LoggerProvider.
    */
-  static void SetLoggerProvider(nostd::shared_ptr<LoggerProvider> tp) noexcept
+  static void SetLoggerProvider(const nostd::shared_ptr<LoggerProvider> &tp) noexcept
   {
     std::lock_guard<common::SpinLockMutex> guard(GetLock());
     GetProvider() = tp;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT Provider
   /**
    * Changes the singleton EventLoggerProvider.
    */
-  static void SetEventLoggerProvider(nostd::shared_ptr<EventLoggerProvider> tp) noexcept
+  static void SetEventLoggerProvider(const nostd::shared_ptr<EventLoggerProvider> &tp) noexcept
   {
     std::lock_guard<common::SpinLockMutex> guard(GetLock());
     GetEventProvider() = tp;

api/include/opentelemetry/metrics/provider.h

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class Provider
   /**
    * Changes the singleton MeterProvider.
    */
-  static void SetMeterProvider(nostd::shared_ptr<MeterProvider> tp) noexcept
+  static void SetMeterProvider(const nostd::shared_ptr<MeterProvider> &tp) noexcept
   {
     std::lock_guard<common::SpinLockMutex> guard(GetLock());
     GetProvider() = tp;

api/include/opentelemetry/nostd/internal/absl/types/internal/variant.h

@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ template <class ReturnType, class FunctionObject, std::size_t... BoundIndices>
 struct MakeVisitationMatrix<ReturnType, FunctionObject, index_sequence<>,
                             index_sequence<BoundIndices...>> {
   using ResultType = ReturnType (*)(FunctionObject&&);
+  // cppcheck-suppress [duplInheritedMember]
   static constexpr ResultType Run() {
     return &call_with_indices<ReturnType, FunctionObject,
                               (BoundIndices - 1)...>;
@@ -722,6 +723,7 @@ struct VariantCoreAccess {
       Self* self, Args&&... args) {
     Destroy(*self);
     using New = typename absl::OTABSL_OPTION_NAMESPACE_NAME::variant_alternative<NewIndex, Self>::type;
+    // cppcheck-suppress [legacyUninitvar]
     New* const result = ::new (static_cast<void*>(&self->state_))
         New(absl::OTABSL_OPTION_NAMESPACE_NAME::forward<Args>(args)...);
     self->index_ = NewIndex;
@@ -1310,6 +1312,7 @@ class VariantStateBaseDestructorNontrivial : protected VariantStateBase<T...> {
     VariantStateBaseDestructorNontrivial* self;
   };
 
+  // cppcheck-suppress [duplInheritedMember]
   void destroy() { VisitIndices<sizeof...(T)>::Run(Destroyer{this}, index_); }
 
   ~VariantStateBaseDestructorNontrivial() { destroy(); }

api/include/opentelemetry/nostd/shared_ptr.h

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class shared_ptr
 
   struct alignas(kAlignment) PlacementBuffer
   {
-    char data[kMaxSize];
+    char data[kMaxSize]{};
   };
 
   class shared_ptr_wrapper

api/include/opentelemetry/plugin/tracer.h

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class DynamicLibraryHandle;
 class Span final : public trace::Span
 {
 public:
-  Span(std::shared_ptr<trace::Tracer> &&tracer, nostd::shared_ptr<trace::Span> span) noexcept
+  Span(std::shared_ptr<trace::Tracer> &&tracer, const nostd::shared_ptr<trace::Span> &span) noexcept
       : tracer_{std::move(tracer)}, span_{span}
   {}
 

api/include/opentelemetry/trace/context.h

@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ inline bool IsRootSpan(const context::Context &context) noexcept
 }
 
 // Set Span into explicit context
-inline context::Context SetSpan(context::Context &context, nostd::shared_ptr<Span> span) noexcept
+inline context::Context SetSpan(context::Context &context,
+                                const nostd::shared_ptr<Span> &span) noexcept
 {
   return context.SetValue(kSpanKey, span);
 }

api/include/opentelemetry/trace/default_span.h

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class DefaultSpan : public Span
 
   nostd::string_view ToString() const noexcept { return "DefaultSpan"; }
 
-  DefaultSpan(SpanContext span_context) noexcept : span_context_(span_context) {}
+  DefaultSpan(const SpanContext &span_context) noexcept : span_context_(span_context) {}
 
   // movable and copiable
   DefaultSpan(DefaultSpan &&spn) noexcept : Span(), span_context_(spn.GetContext()) {}

api/include/opentelemetry/trace/provider.h

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT Provider
   /**
    * Changes the singleton TracerProvider.
    */
-  static void SetTracerProvider(nostd::shared_ptr<TracerProvider> tp) noexcept
+  static void SetTracerProvider(const nostd::shared_ptr<TracerProvider> &tp) noexcept
   {
     std::lock_guard<common::SpinLockMutex> guard(GetLock());
     GetProvider() = tp;

api/include/opentelemetry/trace/span_context.h

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class SpanContext final
               SpanId span_id,
               TraceFlags trace_flags,
               bool is_remote,
-              nostd::shared_ptr<TraceState> trace_state = TraceState::GetDefault()) noexcept
+              const nostd::shared_ptr<TraceState> &trace_state = TraceState::GetDefault()) noexcept
       : trace_id_(trace_id),
         span_id_(span_id),
         trace_flags_(trace_flags),
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class SpanContext final
   const trace::SpanId &span_id() const noexcept { return span_id_; }
 
   // @returns the trace_state associated with this span_context
-  const nostd::shared_ptr<trace::TraceState> trace_state() const noexcept { return trace_state_; }
+  const nostd::shared_ptr<trace::TraceState> &trace_state() const noexcept { return trace_state_; }
 
   /*
    * @param that SpanContext for comparing.

examples/grpc/tracer_common.h

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class GrpcClientCarrier : public opentelemetry::context::propagation::TextMapCar
     context_->AddMetadata(std::string(key), std::string(value));
   }
 
-  ClientContext *context_;
+  ClientContext *context_ = nullptr;
 };
 
 class GrpcServerCarrier : public opentelemetry::context::propagation::TextMapCarrier
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class GrpcServerCarrier : public opentelemetry::context::propagation::TextMapCar
     // Not required for server
   }
 
-  ServerContext *context_;
+  ServerContext *context_ = nullptr;
 };
 
 void InitTracer()

examples/http/server.h

@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ class HttpServer : public HTTP_SERVER_NS::HttpRequestCallback
   std::atomic<bool> is_running_{false};
 
 public:
-  HttpServer(std::string server_name = "test_server", uint16_t port = 8800) : port_(port)
+  HttpServer(const std::string &server_name = "test_server", uint16_t port = 8800) : port_(port)
   {
     server_.setServerName(server_name);
     server_.setKeepalive(false);
   }
 
-  void AddHandler(std::string path, HTTP_SERVER_NS::HttpRequestCallback *request_handler)
+  void AddHandler(const std::string &path, HTTP_SERVER_NS::HttpRequestCallback *request_handler)
   {
     server_.addHandler(path, *request_handler);
   }

exporters/elasticsearch/include/opentelemetry/exporters/elasticsearch/es_log_record_exporter.h

@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ struct ElasticsearchExporterOptions
    * from elasticsearch
    * @param console_debug If true, print the status of the exporter methods in the console
    */
-  ElasticsearchExporterOptions(std::string host         = "localhost",
-                               int port                 = 9200,
-                               std::string index        = "logs",
-                               int response_timeout     = 30,
-                               bool console_debug       = false,
-                               HttpHeaders http_headers = {})
+  ElasticsearchExporterOptions(const std::string &host         = "localhost",
+                               int port                        = 9200,
+                               const std::string &index        = "logs",
+                               int response_timeout            = 30,
+                               bool console_debug              = false,
+                               const HttpHeaders &http_headers = {})
       : host_{host},
         port_{port},
         index_{index},

exporters/otlp/src/otlp_file_client.cc

@@ -968,7 +968,6 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_LOCAL_SYMBOL OtlpFileSystemBackend : public OtlpFileAppender
   explicit OtlpFileSystemBackend(const OtlpFileClientFileSystemOptions &options)
       : options_(options), is_initialized_{false}
   {
-    file_ = std::make_shared<FileStats>();
     file_->is_shutdown.store(false);
     file_->rotate_index            = 0;
     file_->written_size            = 0;
@@ -1536,9 +1535,9 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_LOCAL_SYMBOL OtlpFileSystemBackend : public OtlpFileAppender
     std::mutex background_thread_waiter_lock;
     std::condition_variable background_thread_waiter_cv;
   };
-  std::shared_ptr<FileStats> file_;
+  std::shared_ptr<FileStats> file_ = std::make_shared<FileStats>();
 
-  std::atomic<bool> is_initialized_;
+  std::atomic<bool> is_initialized_{false};
   std::time_t check_file_path_interval_{0};
 };